Since the 1970s, the U.S. Department of Justice has both funded and authored a variety of studies and reports relevant to the provision of indigent defense services. Where possible, links to the reports have been included and more will come on line in the coming months. As we work to make this a comprehensive bibliography of indigent defense materials authored or funded by the Department, please contact the Access to Justice Initiative at 202-514-5312 about any appropriate publications that may be missing from this list.

Title	Author	Year	Funded By	Description
BJA Monograph: Contracting for Indigent Defense Services: A Special Report (NCJ 181160)	Robert L. Spangenberg, Marea L. Beeman, David J. Carroll, David Freedman, Evelyn Pan, David J. Newhouse, and Dorothy Chan (The Spangenberg Group)	2000	Bureau of Justice Assistance	Written for individuals in the justice system who are using, considering or implementing an indigent defense contract system, this report presents the major judicial and legislative attempts to deal with those systems, examines the best and worst features of contract systems and discusses the national standards that govern contract systems.
The Executive Session on Public Defense, Bulletin #1: Bolder Management for Public Defense: Leadership in Three Dimensions (NCJ 187768)	Cait Clarke and Christopher Stone (Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government)	2001	Bureau of Justice Assistance	Using examples from around the Nation, this paper suggests ways in which managers of public defense services can lead their organizations and their field.
Operating a Defender Office - Manual (NCJ 66779)	Burke E. Dorworth (Criminal Justice Research Utilization Program)	1979	National Institute of Justice	Two papers discusd: 1) the problem of increasing workloads by a public defender in Solano County, CA and the procedure prescribed by the Association of Legal Aid attorneys regarding workload and individual limitation of workload; and 2) caseload litigation based on the refusal of the Colorado State Public Defender to accept further appointments because case overload and an evaluation of the Maryland Public Defender's office is given.
Operating a Defender Office – Participant’s Handbook (NCJ 66780)	Burke E. Dorworth, Laurence A. Benner, Nancy Albert Goldberg, Marshall J. Hartman, Harold S. Jacobson and Bonnie E. McFadden (University Research Corporation)	1979	National Institute of Justice	This workshop handbook, part of the National Criminal Justice Executive Training Program, sets forth training programs for defender office managers to improve management and monitoring techniques. Topics include how defender offices can best organize, monitor, and manage the effective delivery of services to clients; budgeting; personnel administration; and external office relationships.
Operating a Defender Office – Trainer’s Handbook (NCJ 66551)	Burke E. Dorworth, Laurence A. Benner, Nancy Albert Goldberg, Marshall J. Hartman, Harold S. Jacobson, Bonnie E. McFadden (University Research Corporation)	1979	Law Enforcement Assistance Administration	This workshop handbook, part of the National Criminal Justice Executive Training Program, sets forth training programs for defender office managers to improve management and monitoring techniques. Topics include how defender offices can best organize, monitor, and manage for effective delivery of services to clients; budgeting; personnel administration; and external office relationships.
An Exemplary Project: The Public Defender Service of the District of Columbia, Vol. I: Policies and Procedure (NCJ 15080)	U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration	1975	Law Enforcement Assistance Administration	This training manual assists public defender agencies in developing an in-house capability for training new staff attorneys. Volume 1 contains detailed descriptions of the public defender service program, including information on planning and management, legal and investigative services, rehabilitation and post-conviction alternatives, program evaluation, and costs.
Early Representation by Defense Counsel Field Test: Final Evaluation Report (NCJ 97595)	Ernest J. Fazio Jr., Sandra Wexler, M.A., Thomas Foster, Michael J. Lowy, David Sheppard, Juliet A. Musso (Urban and Rural Systems Associates)	1985	National Institute of Justice	This text evaluates the Early Representation by Defense Counsel field test, which was a national policy experiment designed to test the efficacy of early representation by the public defender for indigent, noncapital felony defendants.
Assigned Counsel vs. Public Defender Systems in Virginia: A Comparison of Relative Benefits (NCJ 94561)	Larry J. Cohen, Patricia P. Semple, Paul Radtke and Robert E. Crew, Jr. (American Institutes for Research)	1982	National Institute of Justice	This text compares assigned counsel systems and public defender systems, including analysis on costs, quality and implications.
BJS Special Report: A National Survey - Criminal Defense Systems (NCJ 94630)	Carla K. Gaskins (U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics)	1984	Bureau of Justice Statistics	This survey provides national data on public defense system types, funding sources, costs, and caseloads.
Guidelines for Legal Defense Systems in the United States: Report of the National Study Commission on Defense Services - Final Report 1976 (NCJ 41494)	National Legal Aid & Defender Association	1976	Law Enforcement Assistance Administration	This Summary of Recommendations from the National Study Commission on Defense Services, excerpts the Guidelines from the comprehensive Report of the U.S. Department of Justice-funded Commission convened by the National Legal Aid and Defender Association.