Since the 1970s, the U.S. Department of Justice has both funded and authored a variety of studies and reports relevant to the provision of indigent defense services. Where possible, links to the reports have been included and more will come on line in the coming months. As we work to make this a comprehensive bibliography of indigent defense materials authored or funded by the Department, please contact the Access to Justice Initiative at 202-514-5312 about any appropriate publications that may be missing from this list.

Title	Author	Year	Funded By	Description
The Fair Defense Report: Findings and Recommendations on Indigent Defense Practices in Texas	Texas Appleseed Fair Defense Project	2000	Bureau of Justice Assistance	This study of county-level indigent defense practices in Texas compares and evaluates the many different indigent defense systems across the state, to reveal their structural weaknesses and identify their strengths.
Indigent Defense Services in the State of Nevada: Findings & Recommendations	David J. Carroll, Robert L. Spangenberg, Rangita de Silva-de Alwis, Jaime Bailey (The Spangenberg Group)	2000	Bureau of Justice Assistance	This report details serious problems with the current provision of indigent defense services in Nevada and takes a national perspective to provides its ultimate findings/recommendations.
BJS Bulletin: Indigent Defense Services in Large Counties, 1999 (NCJ 184932)	Carol J. Defrances and Marika F. X. Litras (U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics)	1999	Bureau of Justice Statistics	This bulletin presents findings from the National Survey of Indigent Defense Systems, 1999. The report details the methods by which indigent criminal defense is delivered in the Nation's 100 most populous counties. It also compares the operating expenditures, staffing, and caseloads of the different types of indigent defense services used in those counties
National Defender Leadership Project - Ultimate Advocacy: A Defender’s Guide to Reflective Practice (NCJ 183511)	Ellen Schall and Nancy Vorsanger (Vera Institute of Justice)	1999	Bureau of Justice Assistance	This booklet advises that by developing a reflective practice that critiques defender operations and styles, a defender office can build a broader repertoire of responses that counters the temptation to repeat familiar but ineffective patterns
National Defender Leadership Project - Ultimate Advocacy: A Defender’s Guide to Strategic Management (NCJ 183512)	Nancy Vorsanger, Kirsten D. Levingston and Dara Orenstein (Vera Institute of Justice )	1999	Bureau of Justice Assistance	This booklet advises that there are three major issues to be considered before making a leadership decision: value, legitimacy and support, and operational capacity.
BJA Monograph: Indigent Defense and Technology: A Progress Report (NCJ 179003)	Robert L. Spangenberg, Marea L. Beeman, David J. Carroll, David Freedman, Evelyn Pan, David J. Newhouse and Dorothy Chan (The Spangenberg Group)	1999	Bureau of Justice Assistance	This report looks at how technology is changing the way attorneys and staff work in public defender offices.
Improving Criminal Justice Systems Through Expanded Strategies and Innovative Collaborations: Report of the National Symposium on Indigent Defense (February 25-26, 1999) (NCJ 181344)	Richard J. Wilson (Washington College of Law at American University); Scott Wallace (National Legal Aid & Defender Association); Patricia Puritz (American Bar Association Juvenile Justice Center)	1999	Bureau of Justice Assistance	This report presents the outcomes of the National Symposium on Indigent Defense (held February 25-26, 1999), which was convened by the U.S. Justice Department to explore ways in which the leaders of indigent defense systems can effectively forge alliances, build and strengthen innovative partnerships, and otherwise collaborate in ways that enhance the representation of indigent criminal defendants.
BJA Bulletin: Key Elements of Successful Adjudication Partnerships (NCJ 173949)	Jane Nady Sigmon and M. Elaine Nugent (American Prosecutors Research Institute); John Goerdt (National Center for State Courts); Scott Wallace (National Legal Aid & Defender Association)	1999	Bureau of Justice Assistance	Adjudication partnerships entail collaborative efforts among prosecutors, public defenders, and courts in the adjudication process. This report features profiles of 8 partnerships, checklist, list of organizations from which to obtain more information, and 15 references.
Improving State and Local Criminal Justice Systems: A Report on How Public Defenders, Prosecutors, and Other Criminal Justice System Practitioners Are Collaborating Across the Country (NCJ 173391)	Robert L. Spangenberg and Marea L. Beeman (The Spangenberg Group for the American Bar Association)	1998	Bureau of Justice Assistance	The initiatives discussed in this report represent practical attempts to make the best use of limited criminal justice system resources by implementing projects that depend on interagency planning.
OJJDP Bulletin: Innovative Approaches to Juvenile Indigent Defense (NCJ 171151)	Patricia Puritz and Wendy Wan Long Shang (U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention)	1998	Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention	Several initiatives in Maryland, New York, and the District of Columbia that provide comprehensive and holistic legal representation for juveniles are profiled.