No. 99-142
In the Supreme Court of the United States
HYUNDAI MERCHANT MARINE COMPANY, LTD., ET AL.,
PETITIONERS
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION
SETH P. WAXMAN
Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
DAVID W. OGDEN
Acting Assistant Attorney
General
ROBERT GREENSPAN
ALFRED MOLLIN
Attorneys
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTIONS PRESENTED
1. Whether the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 33 U.S.C. 2701 et seq., authorizes
the United States to recover monitoring and other costs incurred by the
Coast Guard to prevent catastrophic damage to the environment threatened
as a result of the grounding of petitioners' vessel.
2. Whether petitioners' due process rights were violated because they did
not receive a hearing about whether the Coast Guard's costs were "prudent,
or necessary, or reasonable."
3. Whether the court of appeals correctly determined that the Oil Pollution
Act authorizes an award of attorney's fees in this action.
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 99-142
HYUNDAI MERCHANT MARINE COMPANY, LTD., ET AL.,
PETITIONERS
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION
OPINIONS BELOW
The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. 1-14) is reported at 172
F.3d 1187. The findings of fact and conclusions of law of the district court
(Pet. App. 39-71) are reported at 1997 Amer. Maritime Cases 2333.
JURISDICTION
The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on April 20, 1999. The
petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on July 19, 1999. The jurisdiction
of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
STATEMENT
1. Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA or Act), 33 U.S.C.
2701 et seq., to place the costs of oil pollution upon those "responsible
* * * for a vessel * * * from which oil is discharged, or which poses the
substantial threat of a discharge of oil" into United States waters.
33 U.S.C. 2702(a). Section 1002(b)(1)(A) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 2702(b)(1)(A),
makes those responsible for threatened or actual pollution liable for the
"removal costs and damages" incurred by the United States in carrying
out certain of its obligations under Section 311(c) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), 33 U.S.C. 1321(c) (1994 & Supp. III 1997).
The Act defines removal costs to include "the costs of removal that
are incurred after a discharge of oil has occurred or, in any case in which
there is a substantial threat of a discharge of oil, the costs to prevent,
minimize, or mitigate oil pollution from such an incident." 33 U.S.C.
2701(31). The activities under the FWPCA for which such removal costs must
be paid include, among other things, "mitigat[ing] or prevent[ing]
a substantial threat of a discharge * * * [and] direct[ing] or monitor[ing]
all Federal, State, and private actions to remove a discharge." 33
U.S.C. 1321(c)(1)(B)(i) and (ii).
2. On September 24, 1991, petitioners' vessel, the Hyundai, left Portland,
Oregon, with a cargo of 24,000 tons of grain. The Hyundai's fuel tanks were
located in the very bottom of the vessel beneath the cargo holds and carried
200,000 gallons of a type of heavy fuel oil particularly dangerous to the
environment. Pet. App. 41-42.
On October 2, 1991, petitioners' vessel ran aground in the Shumagin Islands
of Alaska, a part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge and an
area "of great environmental sensitivity." Pet. App. 42. Soon
after the ship ran aground, at least three forward ballast tanks and one
fuel tank ruptured, and "there was a very great risk of serious environmental
damage." Id. at 44. The Hyundai's owners and insurers "assumed
responsibility for the salvage and any necessary cleanup." Id. at 48.
Nevertheless, for the first eight days of the pollution threat, the Hyundai's
owners and insurers had "no vessel on scene capable of dealing with
a catastrophic situation." Ibid. At no time did the Hyundai's owners
have equipment in place sufficient to "manage[] both a break-up of
[the Hyundai] and a spill of fuel in a storm." Id. at 50. The salvage
operation planned by the Hyundai's owners involved the use of grain evacuators
to lighten the ship so that it could be refloated, but such devices sufficient
to the task did not arrive on the scene until October 11, 1991, fully ten
days after the vessel ran aground. Id. at 51-52. On October 12, 1991, the
pollution threat finally abated when the Hyundai was refloated and towed
to a temporary anchorage for repairs. Id. at 53.
The Coast Guard responded immediately to the Hyundai's grounding, with the
first vessel and helicopter arriving within hours. Pet. App. 43. The Coast
Guard deployed additional ships and aircraft and, by October 5, 1991, had
put in place specialized oil spill recovery equipment sufficient to deal
with a serious oil spill. Id. at 47. The threat of a serious spill was substantial.
The Hyundai was perched upon rocks and, on the fifth and sixth days after
the grounding, a gale force Gulf of Alaska storm twisted and swung the ship
105 degrees around the rocks, causing additional damage to the Hyundai's
hull and an oil leakage visible in a sheen over 2000 feet long. Id. at 3,
51. There was "at all times a moderate risk that the [Hyundai] would
break up." Id. at 47. Accordingly, to defend against this serious threat,
the Coast Guard kept its equipment in place until efforts to refloat the
Hyundai on October 12 were successful. Given the threat of an oil spill
that could not have been contained by the Hyundai's owners, the district
court concluded that "it would have been irresponsible for the Coast
Guard not to have undertaken the actions which it took, even though the
owners and insurers assumed responsibility for the incident." Id. at
48-49.1 The cost to the Coast Guard for maintaining its oil spill equipment
at the scene until the threat of a major spill abated was $1.1 million.
Id. at 70.
The United States brought this action to recover its costs pursuant to the
OPA. The district court made findings of all relevant facts and conclusions
of law. Pet. App. 39-71. The court noted that "the parties agree with
the general proposition that the arbitrary and capricious standard be used
to evaluate the [Coast Guard's] decisions." Id. at 35. The court thus
concluded that the OPA authorized the recovery of removal costs from a responsible
party if the costs were rationally incurred. Ibid. The court then reviewed
de novo the actions taken by the Coast Guard and held that the claimed costs
were "neither arbitrary nor capricious, and, under the extreme and
sensitive circumstances of this * * * [incident], were also reasonable and
necessary costs." Id. at 62. It calculated the government's removal
costs as $1,109,963, and awarded the government that sum plus interest.
Id. at 70. In addition, the court awarded the government approximately $104,000
in attorney's fees. Id. at 72.
3. The court of appeals affirmed. Petitioners argued that the OPA authorized
only the recovery of costs actually incurred in removing oil from the water.
The court of appeals noted that "Hyundai's emphasis on actual removal
unduly minimizes the importance of the Coast Guard's emergency stand-by
operation, which qualifies as an act of 'prevention,' the cost of which
is clearly recoverable under the terms of the definition [of 'removal costs']
as it applies to the liability imposed by § 2702 [of the OPA]."
Pet. App. 7. Petitioners also challenged the assessment of what it termed
"monitoring costs," relying on National Cable Television Ass'n
v. United States, 415 U.S. 336 (1974) (NCTA). However, the court of appeals
noted that this Court's decision in NCTA was not apposite, because NCTA
"reminded Congress that it may not delegate away its taxing power to
an executive agency * * * [but] [t]he OPA authorizes recovery of costs,
not taxation." Pet. App. 7-8 (internal citations omitted). Finally,
the court of appeals rejected petitioners' claim that attorney's fees are
not warranted under the OPA. The court of appeals noted that 33 U.S.C. 2715
authorizes the payment of attorney's fees to the United States in actions
brought to recover the payment of removal costs in these circumstances.
ARGUMENT
The decision below is correct and does not conflict with any decision of
this Court or any other court of appeals. Accordingly, further review is
not warranted.
1. Petitioners assert that a conflict exists among the circuits on the application
of this Court's decision in National Cable Television Ass'n v. United States,
415 U.S. 336 (1974). They contend that NCTA states a rule of general applicability
concerning when a regulatory statute should be construed to permit an agency
to recover certain operating costs from a party, and that the Third and
Ninth Circuits have applied NCTA in conflicting ways to "costs incurred
by the Government in monitoring environmental response operations."
Pet. 7. Those contentions are without merit. To manufacture a conflict,
petitioners misinterpret NCTA and overlook important distinctions between
the costs at issue in the Third and Ninth Circuit decisions.
NCTA concerned "fees" that the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) imposed upon all cable television licensees. This Court held that
the term "fee" implies a notion of a benefit conferred, and it
concluded that a "fee" calculated to reimburse the FCC for all
of its operating expenses for the regulation of cable television, rather
than to pay for value received by the regulated party, was in the nature
of a tax, not a "fee." To avoid the necessity to decide the constitutional
question of the adequacy of such a delegation of the taxing power, the Court
read the statute narrowly, as not having delegated Congress's taxing authority
to the agency, and remanded to the FCC for reconsideration of the fee. See
415 U.S. at 343.
The court of appeals correctly rejected petitioners' contention that NCTA
controls this case, holding that NCTA does not apply because the OPA "authorizes
recovery of costs, not taxation." Pet. App. 8. The district court carefully
determined the actual costs incurred by the Coast Guard and correctly concluded
that the plain language of OPA requires "each responsible party for
a vessel or a facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses the
substantial threat of a discharge of oil" to be "liable for the
removal costs and damages specified in subsection (b) that result from such
incident." Pet. App. 63 (quoting 33 U.S.C. 2702(a)).
Petitioners contend that a Third Circuit decision applying the NCTA doctrine
to the government's "costs incurred in overseeing a private removal
[of pollution] under * * * CERCLA [the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. 9607 (1988)]" conflicts
with the decision below. See Pet. 6 (citing United States v. Rohm and Haas
Co., 2 F.3d 1265 (3d Cir. 1993)). That contention is incorrect. First, Rohm
and Haas arose under a different statute from OPA, with different statutory
mechanisms and requirements for the recovery of governmental costs.2 Second,
it is doubtful whether, even under Rohm and Haas, the Third Circuit would
have decided this case differently. Rohm and Haas concerned "costs
incurred by the government in monitoring private parties' compliance with
their legal obligations." 2 F.3d at 1273. The Rohm and Haas defendants
had spent 15 years cleaning up a hazardous waste site pursuant to an order
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made under its CERCLA authority.
Id. at 1268. The EPA oversaw the post-spill clean-up efforts and subsequently
sought reimbursement for its oversight costs, relying upon a CERCLA provision
that allowed recovery of "removal costs" it incurred. Unlike the
monitoring and cleanup costs at issue here, which were directed at prevention
and mitigation of a potential disaster in the making, the actual release
of pollutants in Rohm and Haas had long since passed when the contested
post-spill monitoring and oversight costs were incurred.
In construing the CERCLA provisions relating to the EPA's post-spill administrative
oversight costs, the Third Circuit invoked NCTA, concluding that an agency's
imposition of costs for the oversight of a polluter's post-spill clean-up
was in the nature of a tax. Relying upon NCTA for the proposition that statutes
imposing tax-like obligations must be construed narrowly, the court interpreted
the specific CERCLA provisions not to include the types of administrative
and oversight costs at issue there. The court, however, was careful to distinguish
from its holding the kinds of removal costs at issue in this case, noting
that CERCLA authorizes recovery of removal costs for "actual monitoring
of a release or threat of release." 2 F.3d at 1275. As the court further
explained:
To assist the district court in carrying out this task, we conclude our
discussion regarding oversight costs by further elucidating what we perceive
to be the statutory distinction between recoverable and non-recoverable
costs. Where the government takes direct action to investigate, evaluate,
or monitor a release, threat of release, or a danger posed by such a problem,
the activity is a "removal" and its costs are recoverable. See
42 U.S.C. § 9604(b) (1988). This includes the costs, no matter at what
stage incurred, of ascertaining whether and to what extent the risk has
been reduced or eliminated by the chosen response. Similarly, if the activity
is intended to enable EPA to formulate a position on what would be the most
appropriate response action at a given facility, the cost is recoverable.
Id. at 1278.
Because this case concerns costs incurred in the Coast Guard's monitoring
of the ongoing substantial threat of a major spill from a vessel still in
danger of breaking up, there is no reason to suppose that the Rohm and Haas
court would have decided this case differently than did the court below.
As the district court noted, for the first eight days of the incident the
petitioners had no credible pollution response vessels on scene. On day
nine petitioners' salvage tug finally arrived; on day eleven the grain cargo
evacuators began their work of lightening the vessel's load; and only on
day twelve, October 12th, was the Hyundai floated off the rocks and the
pollution threat substantially lessened. See pp. 2-4, supra.
During that period the Coast Guard vessels, equipment, aircraft, and personnel
were on the scene and incurring the monitoring costs at issue. As the district
court found, the possibility that the Hyundai would break up and cause a
massive spill during that period posed a "real, significant risk."
Pet. App. 52. Therefore, the Coast Guard was guarding against the continued
threat of a pollutant release, not merely monitoring post-spill clean-up
activities, as in Rohm and Haas.
2. Petitioners argue that they were deprived of due process by the manner
in which the Coast Guard sought to recover its removal costs. Petitioners
complain that they had no opportunity for administrative review of the Coast
Guard's decisions, with review available only in the district court. Pet.
10. Petitioners then assert:
Because [petitioners] had no prior opportunity to challenge the Coast Guard's
cost bill * * * the application of the arbitrary and capricious standard
by the District court without regard to whether the costs were necessary,
deprived [petitioners] of meaningful review * * *.
* * * Deferring to the [Coast Guard's] decisions by applying the arbitrary
and capricious standard during that initial review [by the district court]
deprives the responsible party of meaningful review.
Pet. 10-11. Petitioners did not raise that issue in the courts below.3 Indeed,
the district court found that "the parties agree with the general proposition
that the arbitrary and capricious standard be used to evaluate the [cost]
decisions." Pet. App. 35. That issue therefore is not properly before
this Court. See, e.g., Youakim v. Miller, 425 U.S. 231, 234 (1976).
Second, petitioners invoke this Court's decision in Concrete Pipe and Products
of California, Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust for Southern
California, 508 U.S. 602 (1993), for the proposition that "an agency
action that is essentially non-adjudicative in character cannot, as a constitutional
matter, be afforded deference during the initial review by a neutral adjudicator."
Pet. 12.4 Petitioners in fact received full, de novo review in the district
court. In making its factual findings, the district court "appl[ied]
the preponderance of the evidence rule as to the party (the United States)
having the burden of proof." Pet App. 44 n.4. The district court made
extensive, well reasoned findings on all relevant facts. Id. at 39-62. The
court then determined de novo whether the actions found as a fact to have
occurred were rationally taken by the Coast Guard. Id. at 62. The court
expressly found that the Coast Guard's actions and costs were neither arbitrary
nor capricious and, "under the extreme and sensitive circumstances
of this [marine environment pollution] project, were also reasonable and
necessary costs." Ibid.
Petitioners' contention that they are entitled to review of whether any
particular cost is "prudent, or necessary" (Pet. 10) finds no
support in the text of the OPA, which contains no such limitation. See 33
U.S.C. 2702(a). The court of appeals thus correctly held that OPA "does
not authorize the imposition of any higher standard" than whether the
recovery of removal costs sought by the United States is "arbitrary
or capricious." Pet. App. 10.
3. Petitioners contend that the courts below erred in allowing for the recovery
of monitoring costs, "base costs," and attorney's fees. Pet. 13-16.
The court of appeals properly decided those issues under the OPA, and no
other court of appeals has addressed them.
First, with respect to monitoring costs, Congress provided in OPA Section
2702(a) that persons whose vessels discharge or "which pose[] the substantial
threat of a discharge of oil" are liable for "all removal costs
incurred by the United States." 33 U.S.C. 2702(b)(1)(A). In Section
2702(b), Congress provided for recovery of "all removal costs incurred
by the United States * * * under subsection (c), (d), (e), or (l) of [the
FWPA, 33 U.S.C. 1321]." 33 U.S.C. 2702(b)(1)(A). Under the FWPCA, in
turn, the United States may recover costs for "monitor[ing] all Federal,
State, and private actions to remove a discharge." 33 U.S.C. 1321(c)(1)(B)(ii).
See Pet. App. 4-7. OPA thus specifically included monitoring within the
scope of recoverable removal activities, and the court of appeals concluded
that the Coast Guard's monitoring of the Hyundai was undertaken as part
of "its effort to prevent or minimize a threatened oil discharge."
Id. at 7.
Second, with regard to base costs, the court of appeals noted that "[t]he
fact that, if this near-disaster had not occurred, the personnel would have
been paid to perform some other task does not alter the reality that the
mishap did occur and [the] Coast Guard personnel were paid to monitor a
potential spill." Pet. App. 10-11. The court then noted that "[b]ase
costs represent real costs to the United States and are recoverable to the
extent they are allocable to a response to an oil spill." Id. at 11.
The court's conclusion is consistent with the FWPCA case law used by Congress
as the foundation of the OPA,5 as well as consistent with case law under
other environmental statutes and the general maritime law, all of which
allow recovery of base costs and administrative costs and overhead allocable
to the event.6
Finally, petitioners claim that attorney's fees are not properly awarded
here because, they contend, this is not an action to recover removal costs
paid from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, as required by 33 U.S.C. 2715(c)
(Supp. III 1997). Petitioners concede, however, that the recovery of funds
in this case will be paid into the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. Pet.
App. 12. Accordingly, as the court of appeals noted, any argument based
upon the "happenstance that, as a matter of accounting, the Fund paid
for the removal costs after, rather than before, the claim against the responsible
party was litigated," would defeat the purposes of the OPA by elevating
form over substance. Ibid.
CONCLUSION
The petition for a writ of certiorari should be denied.
Respectfully submitted.
SETH P. WAXMAN
Solicitor General
DAVID W. OGDEN
Acting Assistant Attorney
General
ROBERT GREENSPAN
ALFRED MOLLIN
Attorneys
SEPTEMBER 1999
1 A Coast Guard cutter accompanied the Hyundai to its temporary anchorage,
where it was learned that there were a "total of 133 cracks in the
hull of the vessel, one of which was 6 feet wide and 42 feet long."
Pet. App. 53.
2 Even within the context of CERCLA, the Third Circuit's Rohm and Haas decision
has been widely rejected by courts that subsequently have considered the
issue. See, e.g., United States v. Lowe, 118 F.3d 399, 401 n.2 (5th Cir.
1997) (Rohm's reliance on NCTA "represented a significant departure
from prior case law"); Atlantic Richfield Co. v. American Airlines,
Inc., 98 F.3d 564, 567 (10th Cir. 1996); Pneumo Abex Corp. v. Bessemer &
Lake Erie R.R., 936 F. Supp. 1250, 1261-1262 (E.D. Va. 1996); Town of New
Windsor v. Tesa Tuck, Inc., 935 F. Supp. 317, 324-327 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); California
v. Celtor Chem. Corp., 901 F. Supp. 1481, 1489-1490 (N.D. Cal. 1995); California
Dep't of Toxic Substances Control v. SnyderGeneral Corp., 876 F. Supp. 222,
225 (E.D. Cal. 1994). See also New York v. Shore Realty, 759 F.2d 1032,
1043 (2d Cir. 1985) (holding that remand costs of the type rejected by Rohm
and Haas court could be recovered under CERCLA).
3 Petitioners state that they did argue this issue to the Ninth Circuit,
Pet. 11 n.3, but provide no citation to any part of their briefs that raised
this issue, nor are we aware of any.
4 In Concrete Pipe, this Court held that provisions of the Multiemployer
Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980, Pub. L. No. 96-364, 94 Stat. 1208,
do not violate due process through judicial review of an arbitrator's determinations
when in such judicial review "there shall be a presumption, rebuttable
only by a clear preponderance of the evidence, that the findings of fact
made by the arbitrator were correct." 508 U.S. at 611 (quoting 29 U.S.C.
1401(c)).
5 Congress expressly looked to the case law under the FWPCA (also referred
to as the Clean Water Act) as the framework for the OPA. See S. Rep. No.
94, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 10-12 (1990). Under the FWPCA, the United States'
recovery is not conditioned upon any proof of "necessity" or even
"reasonableness." See, e.g., Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. SS
ZOE COLOCOTRONI, 456 F.Supp. 1327, 1347 (D.P.R. 1978) (recovery is "measured
by the Government's actual costs regardless of their reasonableness"),
aff'd in part, vacated in part on other grounds, 628 F.2d 652 (1st Cir.
1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 912 (1981). Under the FWPCA, administrative
and overhead costs are recoverable. See, e.g., United States v. MORANIA
BARGE 200, 1983 Amer. Maritime Cases 2761, 2764 (E.D.N.C. 1982) (FWPCA costs
include Coast Guard internal costs for personnel, material, equipment, supplies,
overhead, and other internal costs); United States v. Slade, Inc., 447 F.
Supp. 638 (E.D. Tex. 1978); United States v. Hollywood Marine, Inc., 519
F.Supp. 688, 692 (S.D. Tex. 1981); David A. Bagwell, Hazardous and Noxious
Substances, 62 Tul. L.Rev. 433, 443 (1988). See also Union Petroleum Corp.
v. United States, 651 F.2d 734, 744 (Ct. Cl. 1981) (holding polluter liable
for government's costs).
6 See, e.g., United States v. R.W. Meyer, Inc., 889 F.2d 1497, 1502-1504
(6th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1057 (1990) (CERCLA); United States
v. American Cyanamid Co., 786 F. Supp. 152, 156 (D.R.I. 1992) (same); United
States v. Hardage, 750 F. Supp. 1460, 1504 (W.D. Okla. 1990) (same), cert.
denied, 510 U.S. 913 (1993). See also Freeport Sulphur Co. v. S.S. HERMOSA,
526 F.2d 300, 303-304 (5th Cir. 1976) (general maritime law).