No. 99-395
In the Supreme Court of the United States
VANESSA ARMSTRONG, PETITIONER
v.
ACCREDITING COUNCIL FOR CONTINUING
EDUCATION AND TRAINING, INC., ET AL.
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE FEDERAL RESPONDENT
IN OPPOSITION
SETH P. WAXMAN
Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
DAVID W. OGDEN
Acting Assistant Attorney General
BARBARA C. BIDDLE
JONATHAN H. LEVY
Attorneys
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTION PRESENTED
Whether a federal student loan program, which has since been modified, but
which, at the time pertinent here, provided that a borrower could use school
misconduct as a defense against a lender only if the lender had an "origination
relationship" with the school, preempts a state law allowing a borrower
to use the school's misconduct as a defense against the lender under a broader
set of circumstances.
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 99-395
VANESSA ARMSTRONG, PETITIONER
v.
ACCREDITING COUNCIL FOR CONTINUING
EDUCATION AND TRAINING, INC., ET AL.
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE FEDERAL RESPONDENT
IN OPPOSITION
OPINIONS BELOW
The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. 1a-19a) is reported at 168
F.3d 1362. The court of appeals' per curiam order amending its opinion (Pet.
App. 20a-22a) is reported at 177 F.3d 1036. The initial opinion of the district
court is reported at 832 F. Supp. 419. The court of appeals' decision vacating
the district court's initial opinion and remanding the case is unpublished,
but the decision is noted at 84 F.3d 1452 (Table). The opinion of the district
court after remand (Pet. App. 23a-58a) is reported at 980 F. Supp. 53.
JURISDICTION
The initial opinion of the court of appeals was issued on March 23, 1999.
The court of appeals denied a petition for rehearing and amended its opinion
on June 4, 1999. The petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on September
2, 1999. The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
STATEMENT
1. The Guaranteed Student Loan Program (GSLP) was established by Congress
as part of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), 20 U.S.C. 1071 et seq.1
The GSLP encourages private lending to students who would otherwise be unable
to finance their educations by offering private lenders federal subsidies
and a loan guarantee backed by federal reinsurance. The GSLP also encourages
student loans by facilitating the purchase of the loans in the secondary
market. Those purchases provide primary lenders with cash to make additional
loans. Pet. App. 2a-3a.
Several developments in the GSLP are relevant to this case. First, in the
late 1970s and early 1980s, Congress and the Department of Education took
steps to increase the number of loans to vocational school students, including
removing the ceiling on the federal interest subsidy, increasing aggregate
loan limits, and allowing loans to students who had not completed high school.
Pet. App. 3a-4a. In addition, Congress excluded GSLP loans from the requirements
of the Truth in Lending Act (TILA). Pub. L. No. 97-320, § 701(a), 96
Stat. 1538. As a result, between 1982 and 1991, the Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) ceased applying to GSLP loans a regulatory requirement known as the
Holder Rule. Pet. App. 4a, 20a-21a. If it applied to GSLP loans, the Holder
Rule would have required loan agreements arranged by a school to contain
a notice preserving the borrower's ability to raise against the lender claims
and defenses arising from the school's misconduct. 16 C.F.R. 433.2(a) (1988).
Although the FTC did not apply the Holder Rule to GSLP loans between 1982
and 1991, the Department of Education during that period considered lenders
who sought to collect on GSLP loans subject to state-law defenses based
on a school's misconduct if the school "originated" the loan.
See 34 C.F.R. 682.200, 682.206(a)(2) (1988); Pet. App. 5a. The Department's
regulations defined origination as a "special relationship" arising
when the lender delegated to the school "substantial functions or responsibilities
normally performed by lenders before making loans." 34 C.F.R. 682.200(b)
(1988); 51 Fed. Reg. 40,890 (1986).
Under the Department's policy, lenders were subject to defenses based on
a school's misconduct only when they had an origination relationship with
the school (and under certain other limited circumstances not relevant here).
See Letter from Acting Assistant Secretary Kenneth D. Whitehead to Hon.
Stephen J. Solarz (May 19, 1988) (stating that "a student who borrows
under the GSL program from a third party lender remains responsible for
repaying the loan even if the school closes" unless an "origination
relationship" exists between the lender and the school); 55 Fed. Reg.
48,327 (1990) (describing Secretary's "longstanding view" that,
absent an "origination relationship" between the lender and the
school, "a student who borrows under the GSL program from a third-party
lender remains legally responsible for repaying the loan, even if the school
fails to provide the student with the services purchased by the student");
34 C.F.R. 682.604(f)(2)(iii) (1989) (providing that students should be counseled
that they cannot raise school-related defenses on a loan "other than
a loan made or originated by the school"); Letter from General Counsel
Jeffrey C. Martin to Hon. Edward M. Kennedy (Oct. 4, 1991) (explaining Department's
view that "banks should be afforded protection from potential liability
under state law for school misconduct" except in "a few narrow
circumstances"); 57 Fed. Reg. 60,304 (1992).
The statutory and regulatory changes had the desired effect of increasing
student loans to vocational school students. There was, however, a simultaneous
increase in loan defaults that caused the government to incur significant
expense. Pet. App. 5a. In 1992, Congress made a number of reforms to the
GSLP that were designed to remedy that problem. Of particular relevance
here, Congress directed the Secretary to develop a uniform loan application
form and promissory note for the program. See id. at 5a-6a. The uniform
promissory note developed by the Secretary contained a clause that allowed
a borrower to assert any claim or defense against a lender that it would
have against a for-profit school, if the school had referred the borrower
to, or was affiliated with, the lender. That clause effectively incorporated
the Holder Rule into each note and accorded with an FTC determination during
the previous year that the Holder Rule should apply to promissory notes
related to GSLP loans. Id. at 6a.
2. This case concerns a $4000 GSLP loan made in 1988 by the First Independent
Trust Company of California to petitioner Vanessa Armstrong to finance her
education at NBS Automotive School. Pet. App. 24a-25a. The promissory note
contained a choice of law clause that subjected the loan contract to California
law. Id. at 8a. According to petitioner, the school made misrepresentations
to her to induce her to attend its program. Ibid. Petitioner alleges that
the school prepared her loan application, specified the type and amount
of the loan, selected the lender, and transmitted her completed application
to the lender. Ibid. The loan was guaranteed by the Higher Education Assistance
Foundation (HEAF).2 Id. at 25a. Soon after the promissory note was executed,
it was obtained by respondent Bank of America, as trustee for respondent
California Student Loan Finance Corporation. Ibid.
Petitioner attended NBS until June 1989 and made regular payments on her
loan. The school closed in 1990 and filed for bankruptcy. Of the more than
$5000 that petitioner paid NBS, petitioner recovered $900 in the bankruptcy
proceedings. Pet. App. 8a-9a.
3. a. Petitioner then initiated the current lawsuit against the holder and
guarantors of the note and the Secretary of Education (in his official capacity
as reinsurer of the note).3 Petitioner seeks damages, restitution, and declaratory
relief absolving her of her duties under the note. The gravamen of petitioner's
suit is that NBS defrauded her and failed to provide her the education that
it promised. In the district court, petitioner raised federal claims based
on the Holder Rule and the Department's school-origination policy, as well
as a number of state-law claims. Pet. App. 9a. The only state-law ground
relevant to this petition is petitioner's claim under D.C. Code Ann. §
28-3809(a)(1) (1981), which provides in relevant part that:
A lender who makes a direct installment loan for the purpose of enabling
a consumer to purchase goods or services is subject to all claims and defenses
of the consumer against the seller arising out of the purchase of the goods
or service if such lender acts at the express request of the seller, and
* * * the seller participates in the preparation of the loan instruments.
Pet. App. 68a.
b. The district court dismissed petitioner's federal claims for failure
to state a claim on which relief could be granted. Armstrong v. Accrediting
Council for Continuing Educ. & Training, Inc., 832 F. Supp. 419 (D.D.C.
1993). See Jackson v. Culinary Sch. of Washington, Ltd., 27 F.3d 573, 586
(1994) (holding that the Department's origination policy does not give rise
to a federal cause of action), vacated on other grounds, 515 U.S. 1139,
reinstated in pertinent part, 59 F.3d 254, 255 (D.C. Cir. 1995). The district
court dismissed petitioner's claims under D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809(a)(1)
(1981) on two bases. First, the court ruled that petitioner failed to state
a claim under that statute because she failed to allege one of the statute's
elements-that the lender acted "at the express request of the seller."
832 F. Supp. at 430. Second, the court held that, even if petitioner had
stated a claim under Section 28-3809, that state-law provision would be
preempted because it purported to impose liability on lenders "for
actions mandated by Congress." Id. at 431.
c. On appeal, petitioner conceded that she had no federal claim. See Pet.
App. 9a. The court of appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated
and remanded for the district court to make an express determination whether
it would exercise its discretion to retain jurisdiction over the pendent
state-law claims and to enter a declaratory judgment. See id. at 9a-10a
(citing Armstrong v. Accrediting Council for Continuing Educ. & Training,
Inc., 84 F.3d 1452 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (Table) (unpublished opinion), available
in 1996 WL 250412). The court of appeals instructed the district court that,
if it retained jurisdiction, it should first consider the validity of the
choice-of-law clause in the promissory note and determine whether District
of Columbia or California law applied. Only then should the court determine
whether the applicable state law was preempted by federal law. 1996 WL 250412,
**2.
d. On remand, the district court first decided to retain jurisdiction over
the pendent claims and to consider petitioner's request for declaratory
relief. See Armstrong v. Accrediting Council for Continuing Educ. &
Training, Inc., 950 F. Supp. 1 (D.D.C. 1996). Following the court of appeals'
directions, the district court then considered the choice-of-law question
and held that petitioner could not rely on D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809
(1981) because the promissory note contained a valid choice-of-law clause
requiring application of California law. Pet. App. 34a-35a. Accordingly,
the district court did not reach the question whether D.C. Code Ann. §
28-3809 (1981) was preempted by federal law. Pet. App. 36a.
e. The court of appeals affirmed. The court did not address the questions
before it in the order that it had previously directed the district court
to proceed. Instead, the court reserved judgment on the choice-of-law question
and held that, even if D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809 (1981) would otherwise
apply, it was preempted by federal law. Pet. App. 16a. The court of appeals
explained that, at the time that petitioner's loan was made, "federal
student loan policy was intended to make student loans attractive to private
lenders by protecting them from the consequences of student default."
Ibid. The program allowed students to raise state-law school-misconduct
defenses only in limited circumstances, including "where there is a
school-origination relationship." Ibid. Because D.C. Code Ann. §
28-3809 (1981) would allow students to raise school-misconduct defenses
in a broader range of circumstances than those in which origination relationships
existed, the state statute was preempted. Pet. App. 16a.
Petitioner now seeks this Court's review solely on the question whether
federal law preempts D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809 (1981). Pet. i.4
ARGUMENT
The decision of the court of appeals is correct and does not conflict with
any decision of this Court or any other court of appeals. In addition, the
question lacks substantial prospective importance because of intervening
statutory and regulatory changes, and this case is not an appropriate vehicle
to resolve the question in any event. This Court's review is therefore not
warranted.
1. a. The court of appeals properly applied this Court's decisions holding
that state law is preempted when it "stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment
and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." California
v. ARC America Corp., 490 U.S. 93, 101 (1989); accord, e.g., Freightliner
Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280, 287 (1995); Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S.
52, 67 (1941). And the court of appeals correctly held that D.C. Code Ann.
§ 28-3809 (1981) presented an obstacle to congressional purposes underlying
the Guaranteed Student Loan Program (GSLP) at the time that petitioner's
loan was made. At that time, the Department of Education, acting pursuant
to its authority to implement the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), 20
U.S.C. 1071 et seq., had weighed the relative importance of (1) protecting
borrowers from liability for GSLP loans used to attend schools that did
not deliver promised training to their students, and (2) encouraging private
lenders to make GSLP loans by protecting them from defenses based on the
schools' actions. The Department had determined that to protect students,
state-law school-based defenses could be used where a lender had a particularly
close relationship (an "origination" relationship) with the school;
but, to encourage lending, state-law school-based defenses could not be
used in other circumstances. See pp. 3-4, supra. The court of appeals properly
gave effect to that determination by ruling that, absent an origination
relationship, state-law defenses such as D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809 (1981)
are preempted.
This case thus closely tracks this Court's seminal case involving preemption
based on an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full objectives
of Congress. In Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 (1941), both the State
of Pennsylvania and the United States had passed laws requiring registration
of aliens. The federal statute did not require aliens to carry identification
cards and provided for punishment only of willful failure to register; in
contrast, the Pennsylvania law required aliens to carry identification cards
and provided for punishment of any failure to register. Id. at 59-61. The
Court held that "Congress was trying to steer a middle path" between
the need for some registration scheme and a desire not to impose overly
harsh measures on aliens that might, inter alia, generate disloyalty. Id.
at 73-74 & n.37. As a result, although compliance with both statutes
was possible, the Court held that the Pennsylvania statute containing more
strict requirements and harsher penalties was preempted because it stood
as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full objectives
of the federal scheme. See id. at 67, 74. Similarly, here, in implementing
the HEA, the Department of Education tried to steer a middle path between
protecting students and encouraging lending by allowing state-law school-based
defenses only when a special, "origination" relationship existed.
Application of laws such as D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809 (1981) would have
created an obstacle to the execution of that federal scheme by skewing its
delicate balance and allowing state-law school-based defenses in a much
broader range of cases.
b. Petitioner's principal objection to the decision of the court of appeals
stems from a fundamental misreading of the court's opinion. Petitioner mistakenly
states that the court found preemption based on "the FTC staff's decision
not to enforce the FTC Holder Rule with respect to student loans during
the period from 1982 to 1992." Pet. 12; see also Pet. 13, 14, 15. The
court, however, did not determine that D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809 (1981)
was preempted because of the FTC's decision not to enforce its Holder Rule,
but rather determined that the D.C. law was preempted because it would frustrate
"the Department's school-origination policy." Pet. App. 16a. The
court of appeals held that federal law preempted the D.C. statute because
"it would extend lender liability beyond school-origination relationships."
Ibid. Petitioner's arguments that the FTC's failure to enforce the Holder
Rule does not preempt state law (Pet. 14-19) are thus not relevant to the
case at hand.
2. Contrary to petitioner's contentions, the decision of the court of appeals
does not conflict with any decision of this Court. Petitioner incorrectly
claims (Pet. 15-17) that the decision is inconsistent with Puerto Rico Department
of Consumer Affairs v. Isla Petroleum Corp., 485 U.S. 495 (1988). In Isla
Petroleum, Congress had provided that presidential authority to regulate
the allocation and pricing of petroleum products would terminate on September
30, 1981. Id. at 498. The respondent oil companies nonetheless contended
that state regulations governing petroleum that were promulgated four and
one-half years later were preempted by Congress's decision to decontrol
petroleum prices. The Court noted that there was no "extant federal
regulation that might plausibly be thought to imply exclusivity" and
rejected the view that preemption could arise solely from legislative history
without reference to either statute or regulation. Id. at 501. Because "Congress
ha[d] withdrawn from all substantial involvement in petroleum allocation
and price regulation," the Court concluded that there could be no preemption
without an explicit statement of preemptive intent. Id. at 504.
Here, in contrast, the federal government actively regulated student loans
and their repayment through HEA and the Department of Education's regulations.
And the court of appeals properly concluded that giving effect to D.C. Code
Ann. § 28-3809 (1981) in the absence of an origination relationship
would frustrate the Department's "pre-1992 federal student loan policy."
Pet. App. 16a. Thus, petitioner's contention (Pet. 15) that the court of
appeals' decision "does not identify any affirmative statutory or regulatory
mandate as the basis for preempting state laws" is incorrect, and there
is no conflict between that decision and Isla Petroleum.
Petitioner's assertion (Pet. 17-18) that the decision of the court of appeals
conflicts with Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280 (1995), also lacks
merit. In Freightliner, the Court held that state tort law imposing liability
for failure to install anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in tractor-trailers
was not preempted, because there was no federal regulation in effect either
requiring or prohibiting ABS systems in those vehicles and no evidence that
the federal regulatory agency decided that the vehicles should be free from
state regulation on the subject. See id. at 286-287, 289-290. The Court
concluded that "[a] finding of liability against petitioners [automobile
manufacturers] would undermine no federal objectives or purposes with respect
to ABS devices, since none exist." Id. at 289-290.
Here, in contrast, there was a federal policy concerning state-law defenses
to GSLP loan repayment based on school misconduct. The Department of Education
had determined that lenders should be subject to those defenses only in
specified circumstances, such as when the school had so significant a role
in the lending relationship that it "originated" the loan. See
pp. 3-4, supra. The objective of that federal policy was to promote widespread
access to student loans. Application in that context of D.C. Code Ann. §
28-3809 (1981) would undermine that federal objective by allowing defenses
based on school misconduct in situations in which the school's involvement
in the lending relationship was not unusually extensive.
For the same reason, petitioner errs in contending (Pet. 18-19) that the
decision of the court of appeals conflicts with this Court's cases allowing
state law to impose liability greater than the liability imposed by federal
law. Such cases, including English v. General Electric Co., 496 U.S. 72
(1990), and California v. ARC America Corp., 490 U.S. 93 (1989), address
situations in which there is no conflict between the State's imposition
of greater liability and federal law. Here, as in Hines, there is a conflict,
because the federal scheme did not simply permit state-law school-based
defenses in specified circumstances but limited state-law school-based defenses
to those circumstances.5
3. There is no conflict among the courts of appeals on the question presented
by petitioner, as petitioner herself admits. Pet. 21, 24. Petitioner nonetheless
urges this Court to grant review on the basis of "divergent decisions
emerging from the lower courts." Pet. 21. In fact, the lower courts
have uniformly found state laws comparable to the one at issue here to be
preempted. This Court's review is not warranted based on petitioner's assertion
that those courts apply different rationales in reaching their uniform results.
Petitioner does not cite any case the holding of which is contrary to the
court of appeals' decision here. Petitioner inaccurately asserts (Pet. 21-22)
that Veal v. First American Savings Bank, 914 F.2d 909 (7th Cir. 1990),
"states that state law defenses are not preempted." In the Veal
case, the district court had held that the state-law remedy of rescission
was preempted by federal law. See id. at 911; Graham v. Security Sav. &
Loan, 125 F.R.D. 687, 692 (N.D. Ind. 1989). The district court also had
held that plaintiffs failed to state a claim and that the HEA does not create
a private right of action. Id. at 693. The court of appeals affirmed solely
on the ground of failure to state a claim. Veal, 914 F.2d at 911. As a result,
that court never addressed preemption.
Moreover, the footnote from Veal on which petitioner relies simply states
that, "if sued by a Lender in state court for collection of one of
these loans, each of these plaintiff students would be entitled to assert
any defenses available under state law that are applicable to his or her
particular loan." 914 F.2d at 915 n.7 (emphasis added). That footnote
reflects the fact that the HEA does not preempt the entire field of loan
defenses. See 832 F. Supp. at 429 ("HEA does not preempt all relevant
state law"). Therefore, state-law defenses may be "available"
to student debtors and "applicable" to the students' loans to
the extent those defenses do not actually conflict with federal law. Thus,
apart from the fact that the footnote was not part of the holding in Veal,
it is consistent with the decision in this case.
Petitioner also mistakenly claims (Pet. 22-23) that Bartels v. Alabama Commercial
College, 189 F.3d 483 (11th Cir. 1999) (Table), petition for cert. pending,
No. 99-540, is inconsistent with the D.C. Circuit's decision in this case.
Like the D.C. Circuit here, the Eleventh Circuit in Bartels held that the
state defenses at issue were preempted by federal law.6 Petitioner's contention
that the reasoning in Bartels would lead the Eleventh Circuit to find preemption
in circumstances in which the D.C. Circuit would not find preemption does
not warrant this Court's review of petitioner's case. Petitioner would fare
no better under the Eleventh Circuit's purportedly broader view of preemption.
Moreover, this Court "reviews judgments, not statements in opinions,"
Black v. Cutter Labs., 351 U.S. 292, 297 (1956), and the judgment in Bartels
is consistent with the judgment here.
Finally, petitioner incorrectly implies (Pet. 23-24) that Morgan v. Markerdowne
Corp., 976 F. Supp. 301 (D.N.J. 1997), Tipton v. Secretary of Education,
768 F. Supp. 540 (S.D.W.Va. 1991), and Bogart v. Nebraska Student Loan Program,
858 S.W.2d 78, 81 (Ark. 1993), are inconsistent with the D.C. Circuit's
decision in this case. All of those cases hold state claims preempted by
the HEA and do not conflict with the decision here. Morgan, 976 F. Supp.
at 319 ("[R]egulatory pro- visions specifying the consequences of an
origination relationship establish the consequences of lender-school relationships.
To allow states to impose greater liability would frustrate the purposes
and objectives of the HEA."); Bogart, 858 S.W.2d at 81 (state-law defense
based on agency relationship between lender and school preempted by HEA
and implementing regulations); Tipton, 768 F. Supp. at 558 (state-law defense
based on relationship between school and bank that resulted from actions
dictated by HEA and implementing regulations preempted).
4. In any event, the question presented by petitioner lacks substantial
prospective importance because statutory and regulatory changes made in
1992 and later years have eliminated the issue from more recent loans and
provide alternative relief for many earlier loans. As a result of the 1992
amendments to the HEA, all GSLP loans issued during or after 1994 contain
a clause that effectively incorporates the Holder Rule. Pet. App. 6a; see
p. 4, supra. In addition, 20 U.S.C. 1087(c), enacted in 1992 and amended
thereafter, provides for the discharge of a GSLP loan made in or after 1986
if the student is unable to complete a program due to school closure, the
school falsely certified the student's eligibility, or the school failed
to make a refund owed to the lender. Thus, the question decided by the court
of appeals is relevant only to the small number of cases in which a student
asserts a state-law school-based defense against the lender, the loan was
made before 1994, and none of the bases for discharge listed in 20 U.S.C.
1087(c) is present. Because those circumstances are so narrow, further review
is not warranted.
5. Even if the question presented were sufficiently important, this case
would not be a proper vehicle to address it, because the question posed
to this Court was not addressed by the district court, was not necessary
to the disposition of the case, and was improvidently reached by the court
of appeals. As the court of appeals correctly noted in its earlier order,
the choice-of-law question should have been decided before the preemption
question. 1996 WL 250412, **2. That order of consideration would have allowed
the court to avoid the preemption question, which is constitutionally based.
Fidelity Fed. Sav. & Loan Assoc. v. Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 152 (1982).
See, e.g., Jean v. Nelson, 472 U.S. 846, 854 (1985) (courts should consider
non-constitutional grounds for decision before reaching constitutional questions);
cf. Huron Portland Cement Co. v. City of Detroit, 362 U.S. 440, 446 (1960)
(Supreme Court decisions "enjoin seeking out conflicts between state
and federal regulation where none clearly exists").
On the merits of the choice-of-law question, the district court correctly
concluded that the loan's choice-of-law clause was operative and therefore
California law, not District of Columbia law, applied (if it was not preempted).
As the district court concluded, there was no merit to petitioner's argument
that D.C. law should apply on the theory that the purpose of the choice-of-law
clause was to frustrate the protections of D.C. law. See Pet. 32a-34a (noting
that the choice-of-law clause employed standard language that was used nationally
and approved by the Department). That conclusion necessitated dismissal
of petitioner's claims under D.C. law, irrespective of preemption analysis,
id. at 35a, 36a, and provides an alternate ground to support the judgment
of the court of appeals.7
CONCLUSION
The petition for a writ of certiorari should be denied.
Respectfully submitted.
SETH P. WAXMAN
Solicitor General
DAVID W. OGDEN
Acting Assistant Attorney General
BARBARA C. BIDDLE
JONATHAN H. LEVY
Attorneys
DECEMBER 1999
1 In 1992, the GSLP was renamed the Federal Family Education Loan Program.
In this brief, we follow the court of appeals' practice of using the name
of the program as it existed in 1988. Pet. App. 2a, n.*.
2 In 1994, during the course of this litigation, HEAF dissolved, and its
guarantee obligation with respect to petitioner's loan was transferred to
respondent Education Credit Management Corporation. See Pet. App. 9a.
3 Petitioner also made claims against the Accrediting Council for Continuing
Education and Training, which accredited NBS. Because those claims were
settled, they were not part of the appeal below and are not relevant to
the petition. See Pet. App. 9a-10a.
4 Petitioner does not argue in this Court that NBS Automotive School "originated"
her loan within the meaning of the applicable federal regulations. That
fact-bound question would not, in any event, warrant the Court's review.
5 Petitioner's reliance (Pet. 20-21) on United States v. Kimbell Foods,
Inc., 440 U.S. 715 (1979), Wallis v. Pan American Petroleum Corp., 384 U.S.
63 (1966), and United States v. Yazell, 382 U.S. 341 (1966), is also misplaced.
Those decisions concern the issue whether a court should rely on state law
or fashion a federal common law rule when the court must fill in the interstices
of a federal program. They do not concern the question presented here-under
what circumstances federal law preempts conflicting state law.
6 Indeed, counsel for petitioner here has also filed a petition for a writ
of certiorari on behalf of the student borrowers in Bartels, No. 99-540.
7 The district court also correctly found another independent non-constitutional
basis for dismissing petitioner's claim under D.C. Code Ann. § 28-3809
(1981): petitioner failed to allege that her lender acted "at the express
request of the seller," a prerequisite for the statute to apply. 832
F. Supp. at 430.