No. 00-1039
In the Supreme Court of the United States
LOUIS SPITALIERI, PETITIONER
v.
UNIVERSAL MARITIME SERVICE CORPORATION
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE FEDERAL RESPONDENT
IN OPPOSITION
JUDITH E. KRAMER
Acting Solicitor
ALLEN H. FELDMAN
Associate Solicitor
NATHANIEL I. SPILLER
Deputy Associate Solicitor
EDWARD D. SIEGER
Attorney
Department of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20210
BARBARA D. UNDERWOOD
Acting Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTION PRESENTED
Whether Section 22 of the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act,
33 U.S.C. 922, permits the Department of Labor to terminate temporary total
disability benefits retroactively and provide the employer a credit for
its past overpayments, to be applied against permanent partial disability
benefits due to the same claimant based on the same claim.
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 00-1039
LOUIS SPITALIERI, PETITIONER
v.
UNIVERSAL MARITIME SERVICE CORPORATION
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE FEDERAL RESPONDENT
IN OPPOSITION
OPINIONS BELOW
The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. 1-15) is reported at 226
F.3d 167. The en banc decision and order of the Department of Labor's Benefits
Review Board (Pet. App. 16-41) are reported at 33 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB)
164.
JURISDICTION
The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on September 21, 2000.
The petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on December 20, 2000. The
jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
STATEMENT
1. The Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA), 33 U.S.C.
901 et seq., requires maritime employers to pay compensation when a work-related
injury causes disability or death to a covered employee. Compensation is
payable for temporary disability, which may be partial or total, and for
permanent disability, which also may be partial or total.
33 U.S.C. 908; see also Potomac Elec. Power Co. v. Director, OWCP, 449 U.S.
268, 273-274 (1980) (discussing statutory scheme). Compensation for permanent
partial disability is paid "in addition to compensation for temporary
total disability or temporary partial disability." 33 U.S.C. 908(c).
The Secretary of Labor administers the LHWCA's compensation program. See
33 U.S.C. 902(6), 939.
Section 22 of the LHWCA, 33 U.S.C. 922, authorizes modification of compensation
awards "on the ground of a change in conditions or because of a mistake
in a determination of fact." In a modification proceeding, an administrative
law judge (ALJ)1 shall
issue a new compensation order which may terminate, continue, reinstate,
increase, or decrease such compensation, or award compensation. Such new
order shall not affect any compensation previously paid, except that an
award increasing the compensation rate may be made effective from the date
of the injury, and if any part of the compensation due or to become due
is unpaid, an award decreasing the compensation rate may be made effective
from the date of the injury, and any payment made prior thereto in excess
of such decreased rate shall be deducted from any unpaid compensation, in
such manner and by such method as may be determined by the [adjudicating
officer] with the approval of the Secretary.
33 U.S.C. 922; see also 20 C.F.R. 702.373 (implementing regulation, closely
tracking statutory language).
2. In April 1992, petitioner was injured while working as a longshoreman
for respondent Universal Maritime Service Corporation (Universal). Pet.
App. 3, 17. In November 1993, an ALJ awarded petitioner temporary total
disability benefits under the LHWCA, based on findings that petitioner had
sustained work-related injuries to his head, neck, back, and left leg in
addition to a hearing loss and psychiatric problems. Id. at 3. The ALJ declined
to award benefits for permanent disability. Id. at 3, 57.
3. Universal paid petitioner the required temporary total disability benefits
on a weekly basis, in the amount of two-thirds of petitioner's average weekly
wage at the time of the injury. Pet. App. 3. In 1996, however, Universal
requested modification of the disability award under Section 922 on the
ground that petitioner's condition had changed and he was no longer disabled.
Id. at 3-4, 17. Universal submitted surveillance videotapes showing petitioner
going into stores, working on his car, carrying automotive parts, and climbing
stairs. Universal also submitted, among other evidence, the affidavit of
a witness stating that petitioner was able to perform all types of physical
activities and worked at auto body shops, off the books, at least five days
per week. Id. at 80-81.
An ALJ granted Universal's request for modification. Pet. App. 55-90. The
ALJ found that petitioner was no longer entitled to compensation for temporary
disability because his medical condition was not improving and therefore
any continuing disability was no longer temporary. Id. at 82. He further
concluded that petitioner was entitled to have Universal pay for a hearing
aid to address ongoing hearing loss, but that petitioner was not entitled
to compensation for a permanent disability because his injuries did not
prevent him from doing his usual work. Id. at 87-88. The ALJ accordingly
terminated petitioner's temporary disability benefits and granted Universal
a credit for all payments it made after August 31, 1994-the date on which,
the ALJ determined, petitioner had reached his maximum medical improvement
and ceased to be temporarily disabled. Id. at 88-89. Although the ALJ based
his decision on a change in conditions after the original compensation award
in 1993, the evidence presented during the modification proceeding would
have supported the same result based on the alternative ground that the
original award rested on a mistake of fact. Id. at 88 n.3.
On reconsideration, the ALJ determined that petitioner was entitled to compensation,
totaling $7465, for a permanent partial disability based on his hearing
loss, regardless of his ability to work. Pet. App. 51-52; see generally
Potomac Elec. Power, 449 U.S. at 269. The ALJ, however, reaffirmed his holding
that Universal was entitled under Section 922 to a credit against future
benefits, to offset Universal's overpayments of temporary disability benefits
after the time when petitioner's temporary total disability ceased. Pet.
App. 50-51.
4. The Benefits Review Board (Board) affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Pet. App. 42-49. The Board affirmed the ALJ's finding that petitioner no
longer had a temporary total disability, but determined that the ALJ should
have used February 21, 1996, instead of August 31, 1994, as the date when
petitioner's temporary disability ended. Id. at 46-48.
The Board also determined that Universal was not entitled to credit its
overpayments for temporary total disability against the permanent partial
disability award for hearing loss. Pet. App. 47-48. The Board concluded
that although Section 922 allows a credit when a modification order "decreas[es]
the compensation rate," that language does not apply when the modification
award terminates compensation altogether. Id. at 48. Because the ALJ in
this case terminated temporary disability benefits rather than reducing
them, the Board reasoned, Section 922 did not authorize the ALJ to award
Universal a credit against its new liability for petitioner's hearing loss.
Ibid.
The Board granted reconsideration en banc, but adhered to its conclusion
that Universal was not eligible for a credit. Pet. App. 16-27. The en banc
Board relied on the fact that Congress authorized modifications that "terminate"
compensation, in addition to modifications that "decrease" compensation.
That distinction, in the Board's view, precluded the ALJ's reading of Section
922, under which a termination of benefits would be deemed a decrease in
benefits for purposes of awarding the employer a credit for any overpayments.
Id. at 20-21. The Board also rejected the argument that McCord v. Cephas,
532 F.2d 1377 (D.C. Cir. 1976), foreclosed its reading of Section 922 and
concluded that, to the contrary, judicial and Board precedent supported
its interpretation. Pet. App. 21-23 & n.1.
Board Members McGranery and Brown dissented. Pet. App. 28-41. In their view,
McCord directly supported the ALJ's award of a credit for Universal's overpayments
of temporary disability benefits. Id. at 28-32. The dissenting judges also
pointed out that the Board's reading of Section 922 "would provide
a credit to an employer whose liability was decreased to $1 but not to an
employer whose liability is decreased to zero." Id. at 33. Deeming
that result "unreasonable and unjust," the dissenting judges concluded
that it was contrary to Congress's objectives when drafting Section 922.
Id. at 32-34.
5. Universal petitioned for review of the Board's decision. The Director
of the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP), who had not previously
participated in the case, supported Universal's petition. See Ingalls Shipbuilding,
Inc. v. Director, OWCP, 519 U.S. 248, 262-270 (1997) (Director of OWCP is
a proper agency respondent in court of appeals proceedings to review Board
decisions). The court of appeals granted the petition and reversed. Pet.
App. 1-15.
The court of appeals found the Director's interpretation of Section 922-that
credits are appropriate when an award is terminated retroactively-to be
"reasonable and consistent with Congressional intent," and therefore
entitled to deference. Pet. App. 7. Recognizing that the LHWCA allows an
ALJ both to "terminate" compensation and to "decrease"
compensation, 33 U.S.C. 922, the court nevertheless concluded that the authorization
of a credit to the employer when a modification order "decreas[es]
the compensation rate" is most naturally read as encompassing terminations
of compensation as well as lesser reductions in compensation. Pet. App.
7-9. The Board's contrary construction-under which an employer could be
worse off if the ALJ terminates its liability under an existing award rather
than just reducing the amount of the award-was "narrowly technical
and impractical." Id. at 8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
To distinguish between terminations of compensation and other reductions
of compensation for purposes of awarding credits, the court concluded, "would
counter normal English usage and have no relation to the statutory purpose,
which is to compensate employees an amount fixed under the statute for their
injuries, and to cease payment when circumstances so require." Id.
at 10.2
Finally, the court rejected petitioner's argument that a retroactive modification
decreasing the compensation rate and awarding a credit to the employer is
permissible only when the ALJ relies upon a mistake of fact, not a change
of conditions. Pet. App. 11-14. The court noted that such a reading would
limit the ALJ's ability to modify compensation awards in the interests of
justice, and thus be contrary to the fundamental objective underlying Section
922. Id. at 12-13. In the court's view, petitioner's suggested limitation
also was contrary to the legislative history of Section 922, and, according
to the Director, to "longstanding actual implementation of the provision."
See id. at 13-14 (quoting Director's brief).
ARGUMENT
The decision of the court of appeals is correct and does not conflict with
any decision of this Court or any other court of appeals. Further review
by this Court therefore is not warranted.
1. Petitioner argues that the "clear and unambiguous language"
(Pet. 11) of Section 922 establishes that "decreasing the compensation
rate" does not include terminating an award. See Pet. 10. Accordingly,
petitioner maintains that Congress's authorization of retroactive decreases,
with credits to the employer, does not apply to terminations. As the court
of appeals explained (Pet. App. 9), however, a termination of benefits has
the effect of "decreasing the compensation rate" (33 U.S.C. 922)
to zero. Thus, retroactive terminations of compensation fit comfortably
within the authorization of retroactive decreases.
There is no inconsistency between the court of appeals' interpretation and
Section 922's authorization of modifications that "terminate, continue,
reinstate, increase, or decrease" compensation. See Pet. 10. Congress's
separate listing of terminations and decreases in that sentence does not
alter the fact that terminations "decreas[e] the compensation rate"
within the meaning of the succeeding sentence of Section 922. Moreover,
as the court of appeals emphasized (see Pet. App. 9-10, 13), it would be
nonsensical for Congress to authorize retroactive modification and a credit
when an ALJ reduces compensation to a nominal amount, while forbidding similar
relief when an ALJ determines that compensation should not have been paid
at all.3
2. Petitioner asserts (Pet. 8-9, 11) that a modification order may be applied
retroactively only when it is predicated on a mistake of fact at the time
of the original award. The plain language of the LHWCA, however, allows
modification "on the ground of a change in conditions or because of
a mistake in a determination of fact," and permits retroactive application
of "award[s] decreasing the compensation rate" without any limitation
based on the rationale for the decrease. 33 U.S.C. 922. Indeed, legislators
who drafted the relevant language in Section 922 specifically contemplated
that retroactive awards would apply "when changed conditions or a mistake
in a determination of fact makes such modification desirable." Pet.
App. 13 (quoting S. Rep. No. 588, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 4 (1934), and H.R.
Rep. No. 1244, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 4 (1934)) (emphasis added); see generally
Intercounty Constr. Corp. v. Walter, 422 U.S. 1, 8-12 (1975) (discussing
1934 amendment to Section 922).
Even if the court of appeals had accepted petitioner's proposed restriction
on retroactive modifications, despite the plain language and legislative
history of Section 922, the outcome of this case likely would not have been
affected. The ALJ concluded that the evidence supported a finding that the
1993 disability award was based on a mistake of fact, not just that conditions
changed thereafter. Pet. App. 88 n.3. In other words, in the ALJ's view,
the evidence was sufficient to establish that petitioner was never totally
disabled and (as the court of appeals put it) "was feigning temporary
total disability" from the start. Id. at 7. Petitioner does not challenge
the ALJ's factual determination. But accepting it renders petitioner's argument
that a retroactive modification must be premised on a mistake of fact irrelevant
for purposes of this case.
3. The court of appeals "agree[d] with" the Director's interpretation
of Section 922 and found petitioner's interpretation "unreasonable."
Pet. App. 9. Yet if there had been ambiguity, the court of appeals alternatively
was prepared to defer to the Director's reasonable interpretation of the
LHWCA. Id. at 7-8.
Petitioner objects to that alternative basis for the court of appeals' decision,
arguing (Pet. 17-22) that the Director's position did not warrant deference
because it was put forward in the course of litigation and had not been
stated in a regulation. This Court, however, has recognized that the Director's
reasonable interpretations of the LHWCA carry "persuasive force"
when expressed during briefing because of the Director's role in administering
and enforcing the statute. Metropolitan Stevedore Co. v. Rambo, 521 U.S.
121, 136 (1997) (citing Director's brief); cf. Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S.
452, 462 (1997) (agency's construction of its own regulations that is articulated
during appellate litigation warrants deference where the construction appears
to "reflect the agency's fair and considered judgment on the matter
in question"). The Board, by contrast, is not a policymaking body and
its views (with which the Director disagreed in this case) are not entitled
to any particular deference. Potomac Elec. Power Co. v. Director, OWCP, 449
U.S. 268, 278 n.18 (1980). Furthermore, as the Director correctly represented
to the court of appeals (see Pet. App. 14), the Director's position in this
case is consistent with the Department of Labor's implementation of Section
922 over many years. See, e.g., Miller v. Sundial Marine Tug & Barge,
23 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) 601, 609-610, 611 (1990) (ALJ); Shahid v. District
Utils. Co., 17 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) 333, 335-337 (1985) (ALJ); Pinizzotto
v. Marra Bros., Inc., 1 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) 241, 243-244 (1974).
4. Petitioner acknowledges that the decision of the court of appeals does
not actually conflict with any decision of this Court or another court of
appeals. See Pet. 23 ("This Court has not (nor [has] any court until
now) interpreted the very specific language of [Section 922] relative to
disposition of awards when modification is granted."). Nevertheless,
petitioner asserts (Pet. 13-16) that the decision below is inconsistent
with snippets of language or implications drawn from various decisions.
Even that limited assertion is incorrect.
Most obviously, petitioner errs in suggesting (Pet. 16) that this Court's
failure to consider the issue of retroactive modification when deciding
Rambo is attributable to the fact that modification of the compensation
order in that case was based on a change in conditions rather than a mistake
of fact. The question presented in Rambo was "whether the Act bars
nominal compensation to a worker who is presently able to earn at least
as much as before he was injured." 521 U.S. at 123. Retroactivity was
not at issue, and the Court's failure to discuss it has no significance.
Petitioner also places great weight (Pet. 13-14) on Jarka Corp. v. Hughes,
299 F.2d 534 (2d Cir. 1962). In Jarka, the Second Circuit reversed a retroactive
increase in the employee's disability compensation after finding that the
stated reason for modifying the original compensation award (that conditions
changed after the original award) conflicted with the modification itself
(which reclassified the employee's disability as of a date before the original
award). Id. at 536. The court of appeals noted in dictum that modifying
a compensation award retroactively to the date of injury would "only
make[] sense" when the modification is based on a mistake of fact.
Id. at 536-537. As the court of appeals explained in this case (Pet. App.
12), that dictum is not inconsistent with the holding here: the modification
in this case was made retroactive to a date after the original compensation
order, not to the date of injury. Unlike a modification that is retroactive
all the way back to a date before the original decision, a modification
that is retroactive to a date after the original decision can logically
be supported by a change in conditions. There accordingly is no inconsistency
between Jarka and the decision below. Even if there were an inconsistency,
moreover, such an intra-circuit conflict would not be a reason to grant
the petition for a writ of certiorari. See Wisniewski v. United States,
353 U.S. 901, 902 (1957) (per curiam) ("It is primarily the task of
a Court of Appeals to reconcile its internal difficulties.").4
Finally, petitioner's effort (Pet. 15-16) to distinguish McCord v. Cephas,
532 F.2d 1377 (D.C. Cir. 1976), is unavailing. In McCord, the District of
Columbia Circuit rejected the argument, repeated by petitioner here, that
Section 922 does not authorize retroactive rescission of compensation awards.
Id. at 1379-1380. Petitioner is correct that McCord involved a modification
based on a mistake of fact rather than changed conditions. See Pet. 15-16.
But, as discussed above, the ALJ in this case found that the retroactive
modification with a credit could have been based on a mistake of fact. See
p. 10, supra. Accordingly, the court of appeals was correct (Pet. App. 12-13)
that McCord supports its decision.
CONCLUSION
The petition for writ of certiorari should be denied.
Respectfully submitted.
JUDITH E. KRAMER
Acting Solicitor
ALLEN H. FELDMAN
Associate Solicitor
NATHANIEL I. SPILLER
Deputy Associate Solicitor
EDWARD D. SIEGER
Attorney
Department of Labor
BARBARA D. UNDERWOOD
Acting Solicitor General
MARCH 2001
1 Section 922 allows a "deputy commissioner" to reopen an earlier
award. 33 U.S.C. 922. Section 919(d) of Title 33, however, vests the "powers,
duties, and responsibilities" of deputy commissioners with respect
to LHWCA hearings in ALJs. Regulations promulgated by the Department of
Labor use the term "district director" in lieu of the statutory
term "deputy commissioner" to identify the officials who have
responsibility for compensation claims. See 20 C.F.R. 701.301(a)(7).
2 The court of appeals also held that the Board acted within its discretion
when it made its modification retroactive to February 21, 1996, the first
date on which the change of conditions (cessation of petitioner's temporary
disability) existed. The court of appeals held that when Congress provided
that a modification "may be made effective from the date of the injury,"
33 U.S.C. 922 (emphasis added), it gave ALJs "the broad authority to
make a modification effective from the date when an injury occurred and
any date after the injury when a change in conditions occurs." Pet.
App. 10.
3 Petitioner further argues that retroactive reduction of an award, with
a credit to the employer, is allowed only when there is unpaid compensation
"out of which the reduction [i.e., the employer's credit] may be recouped."
Pet. 10; see Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp. v. Cardillo, 102 F.2d 299, 302
(1st Cir.) (under 33 U.S.C. 922, "the insurer in no case receives back
any compensation previously paid but may have prior excess payments credited
or allowed upon a present award, future awards, or any prior unpaid award"),
cert. denied, 307 U.S. 645 (1939). That argument does not help petitioner,
however, because unpaid compensation exists in this case. At the same time
the ALJ retroactively terminated petitioner's temporary total disability
benefit, he awarded a partial permanent disability benefit for loss of hearing.
Pet. App. 51-52. The ALJ properly could, and did, apply the employer's credit
against those future payments.
4 Petitioner's remaining claims of inconsistency with other appellate decisions
(Pet. 14-15) are insubstantial. Petitioner's own characterization of those
cases shows that there is no conflict with the holding of the court of appeals
in this case.