US Government Reports
- State Department - Country Documents
- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
- Country of Origin Information Report on South and Central Somalia – Oct. 2014
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM201367.E - Somalia: Birth registration, including requirements and procedures; issuance of birth certificates and marriage certificates from the Benadir [Benaadir, Banaadir, Banadir] Regional Administration (BRA) [Mogadishu municipality] (2021–March 2023) - Mar. 2023
- SOM201368.E - Somalia: Establishing Somali nationality outside of Somalia, in particular for individuals without identity documents and for those who have left Somalia since 1991; prevalence of fraudulent identity documents (2021–February 2023) - Feb. 2023
- SOM200235.E - Somalia: Identity documents, including national ID cards, passports and driver's licences, and the requirements and procedures to obtain them; percentage of the population that holds some form of identity document; whether such documents are accepted elsewhere (2018-July 2020) – Aug. 2020
- SOM200234.E - Somalia: Requirements and procedures for land transfers, including timelines and whether the title is verified through a lawyer; documents required and issued for a land transfer; average price of land (2018–August 2020) – Sept. 2020
- SOM200233.E - Somalia: Entry and exit requirements at land borders and airports, including documentation required; whether there are checkpoints for domestic and international travel; whether there are travel agencies that facilitate travel within and outside Somalia (2018–August 2020) – Sept. 2020
- SOM106079.E - Somalia: Whether persons born in Somaliland and in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia are entitled to Somali citizenship; citizenship status of women married to foreign nationals; requirements and procedures to obtain and reacquire Somali citizenship - Mar. 2018
- ZZZ105994.E - Canada and Somalia: Information on Temporary Resident Visas (TRV) and Temporary Resident Permits (TRP) issued to Somali citizens, including whether visas and permits are affixed to the Single Journey Travel Document (SJTD) or in a passport; documents required for a Somali citizen to apply for a TRV and a TRP – Oct. 2017
- SOM105843.E - Somalia: Requirements and procedures to obtain a driver's license; appearance of driver's licenses – July 2017
- SOM105830.E - Somalia: Information on circumstances under which the Somali government would cancel a passport; whether a passport holder can request a cancellation themselves; whether passport cancellation indicates revocation of citizenship – June 2017
- SOM105755.E - Somalia: Ability to obtain documentation, including medical, education, and employment records; effectiveness of the postal service, on both the domestic and international level – Mar. 2017
- SOM105248.E - Identification documents, including national identity cards, passports, driver's licenses, and any other document required to access government services; information on the issuing agencies and the requirements to obtain documents - Mar. 2016
- SOM104487.FE - Possibility for people outside the country without identity documents to establish their Somali nationality, in particular, those who have left Somalia since 1991; fraudulent identity documents (2012-July 2013) - July 2013
US Government Reports
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Amnesty International
- Coalition to Stop the use of Child Soldiers - Child Soldiers Global Report - 2008
US Government Reports
- Congressional Research Service (CRS)
- Child Soldiers Prevention Act: Security Assistance Restrictions – March 2020
US Government Reports
- Congressional Research Service (CRS)
- In Focus: African Elections in 2021 – April 2020
- International Crisis Group
- Avoiding a New Cycle of Conflict in Somalia’s Galmudug State - Sept. 2023
- Staving off Violence around Somalia’s Elections – Nov. 2020
- Election Guide - Recent elections
Foreign Government Reports
- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
- Country of Origin Information Report on South and Central Somalia – Aug. 2014
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Minority Rights Group International
- State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - 2016
- World Directory of Minorities - Overview
Foreign Government Reports
- Australian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- SOM36945 - July 2010
- Please provide general information about the Asharaf (and Ashraf) clan, including its defining features, how the clan is distinguished from other clans in Somalia, key historical facts and significant leaders/figures of the clan. Please also advise of the difference (if any) between the Asharaf and the Ashraf clan.
- SOM36945 - July 2010
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM43286.E - The Jido (Jiido) clan; traditional areas of occupation; affiliated clans; protection available to members of this clan; whether members of the clan have any conflicts with the Hawiye clan - Jan. 2005
Ethnic Groups / Race - Majority Clans - Darood, Hawiye, Isaaq, Dir, Biymaal, Dulbahante, Marehan, Marjeteen, Sheikhal
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM105605.E - Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Information on the Degodia clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; treatment – Sept. 2016
- Danish Immigration Service Report
- Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia - Sheikhal - Jan. 2004
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM104240.E - The Bravanese (Barawan) ethnic group, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans and risks they face from other clans. - Dec. 2012
Foreign Government Reports
- Australian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- SOM35661 - Oct. 2009
- Do older men marry younger women in Somalia?
- Is it customary for a man's mother to arrange the marriage for her son?
- Is it customary for the man to speak to his intended wife's brother and father to seek permission to marry her?
- Is it customary for a Somali couple to have a short meeting (15 minutes) and then marry each other and therefore know very little about their spouse's prior life?
- Is it customary for both spouses to be very keen to have children?
- Is it customary that at the wedding the male and female and their guests hold separate celebrations?
- Is it significant if the bride is dressed in an evening gown and the groom in white traditional garb?
- SOM35661 - Oct. 2009
US Government Reports
- State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999
- UK Home Office Country Policy and Information Note
- Somalia (South and Central): Security and humanitarian situation – May 2022
- Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The state of the world’s human rights - Mar. 2023
Justice System
Foreign Government Reports
- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
- Country of Origin Information Report on South and Central Somalia – Aug. 2014
- Amnesty International: Death Sentences and Executions - 2020
- Amnesty International
- Freedom House
- Worst of the Worst 2012: The World's Most Repressive Societies - 2012
- Human Rights Watch - 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
- Human Rights Watch Profiles
- “You Don’t Know Who to Blame” War Crimes in Somalia – August 2011
- Harsh War, Harsh Peace: Abuses by al-Shabaab, the Transitional Federal Government, and AMISOM in Somalia – April 2010
- Shell-Shocked: Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu – August 2007
- “So Much to Fear” War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia – Dec. 2008
- Somalia faces the future Human rights in a Fragmented Society - Apr. 1995
- Beyond the Warlords The Need for a Verdict on Human Rights Abuses - Mar. 1993
- SOMALIA NO MERCY IN MOGADISHU: The Human Cost of the Conflict & The Struggle for Relief Africa Watch Physicians for Human Rights - Mar. 1992
- International Crisis Group
- Instruments of Pain (III): Conflict and Famine in Somalia – May 2017
- Minority Rights Group International
- Peoples Under Threat 2020
US Government Reports
- United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
- Violating Rights – Enforcing the World’s Blasphemy Laws – Dec. 2020
US Government Reports
- Congressional Research Service
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa – 2022
- World Health Organization Page
US Government Reports
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM201369.E - Somalia: Requirements and procedures for a statutory declaration, including the statute of legislation that governs steps towards declaration (2021–March 2023) - Mar. 2023
Intergovernmental Organization Reports
- European Asylum Support Office (EASO)
- Somalia Actors – Federal Government of Somalia – July 2021
Non-Government Organization Reports
- International Crisis Group
Foreign Government Organization Reports
-
- SOM106058.E - Somalia: Somaliland, including government structure, security, and presence of internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Somalia – Mar. 2018
- Norwegian Refugee Council
International Government Organization Reports
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - International Protection Considerations with Regard to people fleeing Southern and Central Somalia - January 2014
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Human Rights Watch Profiles
- Hostages of the Gatekeepers: Abuses Against Internally Displaced in Mogadishu, Somalia - Jan. 2013
- Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- Fact sheet on the breakdown of refugees, aslyum-seekers and IDPs in Southern Africa (as of April 2023) - July 2023
US Government Reports
- State Department International Religious Freedom Report - 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, July - Dec. 2010, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005
- US Commission on International Religious Freedom- Annual Report - 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013
- USCIRF Releases New Report on Religious Freedom Concerns in the Horn of Africa - Feb. 2023
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM106055.E - Somalia: Situation of practitioners of Sufism, including treatment by Al-Shabaab [al-Shabab], and role of Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa [Ahlu Sunna Wal-Jamea, Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama'a, Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama'a, Ahl al-Sunnah Wal-Jamaa, Ahlu Sunna Waljma'a] (ASWJ); availability of state protection - Mar. 2018
- Ireland Refugee Documentation Center
- The rules of interaction between young Muslim women and men and whether there is interaction between female students and male teachers. - July 2010
US Government Reports
- U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom - Factsheet on Shari’a and LGBTI Persons – March 2021
US Government Reports
Foreign Government Reports
- Australian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- SOM37002 - July 2010
- Please provide sources reporting the practice of forced recruitment by Al-Shabaab of young men, particularly in relation to threats of physical harm
- SOM36945 - July 2010
- Please provide general information about Al-Shabaab, including its recruitment tactics. Please particularly look into whether Al-Shabaab is known to target males aged 14 - 40 and/or members of the Asharaf or other minority clans.
- SOM37002 - July 2010
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM201366.E - Somalia: Al-Shabaab [Al-Shabab], including leadership, structure, objectives, activities, areas of operation, ability to track persons of interest, and individuals who are targeted (2021–March 2023) - Mar. 2023
- SOM104662.E - Information on al-Shabaab, including areas of control, recruitment, and affiliated groups (2012-Nov. 2013) - Nov. 2013
- Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo)
- Somalia: The security situation in Mogadishu and al-Shabaab’s influence in the city - Sept. 2022
- Al-Shabaab and local employees of AMISOM, the UN and other international organisations - June 2016
- Somalia: Update on security and human rights issues in South-Central Somalia, including in Mogadishu - Oct. 2012
Intergovernmental Organization Reports
- European Asylum Support Office (EASO)
- Information on forced recruitment by Al-Shabaab in the government-controlled areas, methods of recruitment, recruitment procedure, profiles of the recruited, consequences of refusal to join the group. – Oct. 2019
- 1. Prevalence and territorial scope of Al-Shabaab recruitment
- 2. Profiles of the recruited
- 3. Methods of recruitment
- 4. Consequences of refusal to join the group
- Information on forced recruitment by Al-Shabaab in the government-controlled areas, methods of recruitment, recruitment procedure, profiles of the recruited, consequences of refusal to join the group. – Oct. 2019
- European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)
Non-Government Organization Reports
- International Crisis Group
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Human Rights Watch Profiles
- "The Power These Men Have Over Us" - Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by African Union Forces in Somalia - Sept. 2014
- International Crisis Group
- Avoiding a New Cycle of Conflict in Somalia’s Galmudug State - Sept. 2023
Foreign Government
- Norway Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo)
- Female Genital Mutilation - Sept. 2022
Intergovernmental Organization Reports
- European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)
- Somalia - Forms and prevalence of repeated FGM/C - May 2023
- 1.Prevalence of FGM/C in Somalia
- 2. Forms and prevalence of repeated FGM/C
- 2.1 Types and factors for repeated FGM/C
- 2.1.1. De-infibulation
- 2.1.2. Re-infibulation
- 2.1.3. Infibulation of women who underwent a Sunni-type FGM/C
- 2.2. Prevalence and trends of re-infibulation
- Somalia - Forms and prevalence of repeated FGM/C - May 2023
Non-Government Organization Reports
Non-Government Organization Reports
- International Crisis Group
- Somalia the Trouble with Puntland - Aug. 2009
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM106058.E - Somalia: Somaliland, including government structure, security, and presence of internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Somalia – Mar. 2018
- SOM106079.E - Somalia: Whether persons born in Somaliland and in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia are entitled to Somali citizenship; citizenship status of women married to foreign nationals; requirements and procedures to obtain and reacquire Somali citizenship - Mar. 2018
- Human Rights Watch Profiles
- “Hostages to Peace” Threats to Human Rights and Democracy in Somaliland – July 2009
- International Crisis Group
- Building on Somaliland’s Successful Elections – Aug. 2021
Foreign Government Reports
- Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo)
- Somalia: Update on security and human rights issues in South-Central Somalia, including in Mogadishu - Oct. 2012
Speech / Press / Internet
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- SOM201370.E - Somalia: Prevalence of mobile phone usage and Internet connectivity, including through mobile data and the ability to use cell phones for financial transfers (2021–March 2023) - Mar. 2023
US Government Reports
Updated September 25, 2023