No. 04-1434
In the Supreme Court of the United States
ROBERT A. BURT, ET AL., PETITIONERS
v.
DONALD H. RUMSFELD, SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE RESPONDENT IN OPPOSITION
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
PETER D. KEISLER
Assistant Attorney General
DOUGLAS N. LETTER
SCOTT R. MCINTOSH
Attorneys
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTION PRESENTED
The Solomon Amendment as amended by Pub. L. No. 108-375, § 552(a), 118 Stat. 1911 (to be codified at 10 U.S.C. 983(b)(1)), withholds specified federal funds from institutions of higher education that deny military recruiters the same access to campuses and students that they provide to other employers. The question presented is whether the Solomon Amendment, as applied to the Yale Law School, violates the First Amendment to the Constitution.
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 04-1434
ROBERT A. BURT, ET AL., PETITIONERS
v.
DONALD H. RUMSFELD, SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE RESPONDENT IN OPPOSITION
OPINIONS BELOW
The opinion of the district court (Pet. App. A1-A59) is reported at 354 F. Supp. 2d 156.
JURISDICTION
The judgment of the district court was entered on January 31, 2005. A notice of appeal was filed by re spondent on April 5, 2005. The petition for a writ of cer tiorari before judgment was filed on April 26, 2005. The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
STATEMENT
The petitioners in this case ask the Court to issue a writ of certiorari before judgment to review a district court decision in their favor regarding the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment, Act of Oct. 28, 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-375, § 552(s), 118 Stat. 1191 (to be codi fied at 10 U.S.C. 983(b)(1)), as applied to Yale Law School. The constitutionality of the Solomon Amend ment is already before the Court in Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, cert. granted, No. 04-1152 (May 2, 2005) (FAIR).
1. The Solomon Amendment provides that specified public funds shall not be provided to an "institution of higher education," or a "subelement" of such an institu tion, if the institution or subelement "has a policy or practice" that "either prohibits, or in effect prevents" military recruiters from gaining access to campuses or students "in a manner that is at least equal in quality and scope to the access to campuses and to students that is provided to any other employer." 10 U.S.C. 983(a) and (b)(1). The Solomon Amendment does not demand a fixed level or degree of access; it simply asks the insti tution to provide military recruiters with equal access relative to what the institution provides to other employ ers. The Solomon Amendment does not mandate equal access, but instead conditions federal funds on equal access, so that the institution cannot deny equal access and simultaneously receive the specified federal funds.
The Solomon Amendment applies to all institutions of higher education except ones with "a longstanding policy of pacifism based on historical religious affilia tion." 10 U.S.C. 983(c)(2). The Act governs all funds made available through the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and other enumerated agencies. 10 U.S.C. 983(d)(1). The Act does not apply to funds provided to educational institutions or individuals "solely for student financial assistance, related administrative costs, or costs associated with attendance." 10 U.S.C. 983(d)(2).
The Solomon Amendment was enacted in furtherance of Congress's authority under Article I of the Constitu tion to "raise and support" military forces for the de fense of the United States. U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, Cl. 12. The Solomon Amendment is also an exercise of Con gress's authority, under the Spending Clause, to "pro vide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States." Id. Art. I, § 8, Cl. 1. The Solomon Amendment reflects Congress's judgment that restric tions on military recruiting at colleges and universities interfere with "the Federal Government's constitution ally mandated function of raising a military." 141 Cong. Rec. 595 (1995) (Rep. Solomon); 142 Cong. Rec. 16,860 (1996) (Rep. Solomon); id. at 12,712 (Rep. Goodlatte). It also reflects Congress's judgment that equal access is critical to effective military recruiting. See H.R. Rep. No. 443, 108th Cong., 2d Sess. Pt. 1, at 3-4 (2004) ("Suc cessful recruitment relies heavily on the ability of mili tary recruiters to have access to students on the cam puses of colleges and universities that is equal to [that of] other employers.").
2. Since 1990, the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) has required its members to withhold "any form of placement assistance or use of the school's facilities" from employers who discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or other specified criteria. AALS Bylaws §§ 6-4(b), 6.19 (1971). Following enactment of the Solomon Amendment, the AALS excused members from complying with that policy if they took steps to "ameliorate" the perceived impact of military recruiting on the student body. See AALS Memorandum 97-46 (Aug. 13, 1997) <http://www.aals.org/97-46.html>. In response, most law schools allowed military recruiters to enter their campuses, but many law schools refused to provide military recruiters with the same access that they offered to other employers. The Department of Defense subsequently clarified that the Solomon Amendment conditions federal funding on equal access, and notified law schools that the failure to provide equal access could jeopardize their federal funds.
3. In September 2003, organizations representing more than two dozen law schools or law school faculties, and 900 faculty members (the FAIR plaintiffs) brought suit in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey to challenge the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment. The FAIR plaintiffs claimed, inter alia, that the Solomon Amendment violates the First Amendment and Fifth Amendment, both on its face and as applied.
The district court denied the FAIR plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction, holding that they were un likely to prevail on any of their constitutional claims. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc. v. Rumsfeld, 291 F. Supp. 2d 269 (D.N.J. 2003). On appeal, a divided panel of the Third Circuit reversed. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc. v. Rums feld, 390 F.3d 219 (2004). The panel majority held that the FAIR plaintiffs are likely to prevail on their claim that the Solomon Amendment violates the First Amend ment. Based on that holding, the panel directed the dis trict court to enter a preliminary injunction against en forcement of the Solomon Amendment. Id. at 246.
The government petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari to review the court of appeals' decision re garding the constitutionality of the Solomon Amend ment. The Court granted the government's petition on May 2, 2005 (No. 04-1152), and the government's open ing brief is due on July 18, 2005.
4. This case involves a challenge to the constitution ality of the Solomon Amendment as applied to Yale Law School. Until 2002, Yale Law School maintained a policy of denying the services of its Career Development Office to employers that take account of sexual orientation in hiring decisions. Pet. App. A15-A16, A20-A21. In 2002, the law school's faculty voted to suspend the application of the non-discrimination policy to military recruiters in order to avoid possible loss of federal funding under the Solomon Amendment. Id. at A22.
In October 2003, members of the faculty of Yale Law School (petitioners) filed suit in the United States Dis trict Court for the District of Connecticut against Don ald H. Rumsfeld, the Secretary of Defense. They al leged that the application of the Solomon Amendment to the law school and its parent institution, Yale Univer sity, violates the First Amendment. Petitioners sought an injunction prohibiting the application of the Solomon Amendment to the law school and university on the basis of the law school's suspended recruiting policy.
The government moved to dismiss the complaint un der Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of standing and lack of ripe ness, and also moved to dismiss petitioners' constitu tional claims under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. In June 2004, the district court denied the motion to dismiss on standing and ripeness grounds and re served the government's Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Pet. App. C1-C20.
Petitioners thereafter moved for summary judgment under Rule 56. At the time of the motion, the govern ment had not yet had the opportunity to engage in any discovery on petitioners' factual allegations. Acting pur suant to Rule 56(f), the government therefore asked to be allowed to conduct discovery before the district court acted on petitioners' motion. The government also op posed the motion on its merits.
On January 31, 2005, the district court issued a mem orandum order granting petitioners' motion for sum mary judgment on First Amendment grounds. Pet. App. A1-A59. The district court declared the Solomon Amendment unconstitutional as applied, and enjoined the government from enforcing it against Yale Univer sity based on Yale Law School's denial of equal access to military recruiters. Id. at A59.
As a threshold matter, the court rejected the govern ment's request for discovery under Rule 56(f). The court acknowledged that "the grant of summary judg ment prior to discovery is not to be undertaken lightly," but nevertheless denied the government the opportunity to conduct discovery. Pet. App. A7; id. at A6-A15.
On the merits, the district court held that the Solo mon Amendment interferes with petitioners' freedom of speech by compelling the law school to disseminate a recruiting message with which it disagrees and by inter fering with the law school's ability to convey its own message. Pet. App. A33-A41. The court further held that the Solomon Amendment intrudes on petitioners' First Amendment right of freedom of association. Id. at A46-A55. Applying strict scrutiny, the court held that the government had not shown that the application of the Solomon Amendment to Yale Law School materially advances the government's military recruiting goals or that the Amendment is the least restrictive means of achieving those goals. Id. at A44-A46, A54-A55.
ARGUMENT
Petitioners seek certiorari before judgment on the question whether the Solomon Amendment violates the First Amendment. Rule 11 of this Court provides that a petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment will be granted "only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate de termination in this Court." Because the present petition does not satisfy that standard, the petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment should be denied.
1. The constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment under the First Amendment is already before this Court in FAIR. That case presents the crucial legal questions that will determine the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment. In particular, that case presents the ques tions whether (1) the Solomon Amendment infringes on a law school's freedom of expressive association, (2) the Solomon Amendment unconstitutionally compels the recipient schools themselves to speak, (3) the Solomon Amendment triggers heightened scrutiny under United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968), because it inter feres with expressive conduct, (4) a specific evidentiary showing of the effectiveness of on-campus recruiting is necessary to satisfy the O'Brien standard, and (5) the Solomon Amendment's status as Spending Clause legis lation affects the constitutional analysis. If the Court agrees with the government's position in FAIR, the Sol omon Amendment will be sustained. Because FAIR al ready presents the crucial legal issues that will deter mine the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment, there is no reason for the Court to grant review in an other case involving the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment, much less take the extraordinary step of granting review in a case that has not been resolved by the court of appeals.
Granting review before judgment is particularly un warranted in this case because petitioners prevailed on their First Amendment claim in the district court and obtained an injunction preventing the government from enforcing the Solomon Amendment against Yale Univer sity. While the Court has granted a petition for review before judgment by a prevailing party in extraordinary circumstances, see e.g., United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 686-687 nn.1-2 (1974), petitioner has not identified any remotely comparable extraordinary circumstance here.
2. Petitioners contend that the record in this case is more complete than the record in FAIR and therefore provides a more suitable vehicle for review of the consti tutional issues. Pet. 4, 21-22. That contention is incor rect. The record in this case is confined to a single school, and the district court held that the Solomon Amendment is unconstitutional only as applied to that school. In contrast, the FAIR plaintiffs submitted evi dence regarding school recruiting practices and the pu tative operation of the Solomon Amendment with re spect to a number of schools. On the other side of the evidentiary scale, the government's evidentiary presen tation in this case is no different from its presentation in FAIR. There is therefore no basis for petitioners' con tention that this case provides a better vehicle for re solving the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment than FAIR.
Petitioners contend that evidence below on the effectiveness of military recruiting at Yale Law School is vital to determining whether the Solomon Amendment survives strict scrutiny, because it reflects the military's experience at Yale both before and after Yale afforded equal access to military recruiters. Pet. 21-22. The gov ernment's principal submission, however, is that the Solomon Amendment is not subject to strict scrutiny. Even if the Solomon Amendment were subject to strict scrutiny, however, the outcome of that scrutiny does not turn on the effect of the Solomon Amendment on re cruiting at a single educational institution. The Solomon Amendment is intended to advance the government's compelling interest in military recruiting at all of the Nation's educational institutions that receive federal financial assistance. Evidence of its impact at a single law school cannot establish that it fails to further that goal.
Petitioners argue that this case is better suited for review than FAIR because FAIR is at the preliminary injunction stage, while this case contains a "closed" fac tual record. Pet. 20. But as noted above, the district court in this case entered summary judgment in favor of petitioners without giving the government the opportu nity to conduct discovery, and did so over the govern ment's objections. The district court's refusal to permit discovery remains subject to review in the court of ap peals, and if the court of appeals concludes that discov ery should have been allowed, the record that petition ers characterize as "closed" will be reopened for further development.
Moreover, nothing about the interlocutory posture of FAIR renders it unsuitable as a vehicle for addressing the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment. As noted in the government's petition in FAIR, this Court routinely reviews the constitutionality of Acts of Con gress in the context of preliminary injunction proceed ings. See 04-1152 Pet. at 24 (citing cases). And, as dis cussed above, FAIR presents the crucial legal questions that will determine the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment. This Court evidently agrees that FAIR is a suitable vehicle for it has granted the government's certiorari petition in that case.
There are two additional reasons why the Court should not grant the petition for review before judgment in this case. First, because the Court has already granted certiorari in FAIR, the briefing process for that case will be nearly complete before the Court considers the petition in this case in the ordinary course. Second, unlike in FAIR, the Court would not have the benefit of the views of the court of appeals in this case.
3. Petitioners suggest that this case presents consti tutional claims that are not presented in FAIR. Pet. 4-5. In particular, petitioners point to their claims that the Solomon Amendment violates "their constitutionally protected rights of academic freedom" and "the consti tutionally protected right of private associations to dis associate themselves from" persons with whose conduct and views they disagree. Id. at 5. Contrary to petition ers' assumption, the FAIR plaintiffs raised those claims or similar claims in the district court and court of ap peals. See 04-1152 Pet. App. at 15a-25a (court of ap peals) (freedom of association); id. at 21a-22a n.13 (court of appeals) (academic freedom); id. at 139a-142a (dis trict court opinion) (academic freedom). Whether or not this Court in FAIR addresses all the issues petitioners here might wish to raise, there is no reason to prema turely take this case out of the hands of the Second Cir cuit. To the contrary, the Court should defer review until the Second Circuit has had an opportunity to ad dress all of the issues petitioners have raised, with the benefit of this Court's decision in FAIR if it is rendered before the Second Circuit rules.
4. Petitioners also contend that "considerations of standing [and] ripeness are less likely to prevent this Court from reaching" the merits in this case than they are in FAIR. Pet. 4. But ripeness has never been at issue in FAIR, and the government is no longer contest ing standing in FAIR either. See 04-1152 Pet. at 7 n.2. In this case, in contrast, it remains open to the govern ment to renew its standing and ripeness arguments in the court of appeals, and if the present petition is granted, this Court may be called on to address those issues as well. Thus, there is no basis for petitioners' claim that this case presents fewer potential jurisdic tional obstacles than does FAIR.
5. Finally, petitioners argue that the constitutional interests of the Nation's law schools demand that this Court resolve the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment. Pet. 22-24. The Court, however, has al ready taken the steps needed to accomplish that goal by granting the petition for certiorari in FAIR. If petition ers wish to be heard on the constitutionality of the Solo mon Amendment, they are free to participate in FAIR as amici curiae and present the Court with whatever constitutional arguments they think appropriate. There is no reason for the Court to take the additional step of granting petitioners' extraordinary request for review before judgment.
CONCLUSION
The petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment should be denied.
Respectfully submitted.
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General
PETER D. KEISLER
Assistant Attorney General
DOUGLAS N. LETTER
SCOTT R. MCINTOSH
Attorneys
