No. 07-953
In the Supreme Court of the United States
CITIZENS UNITED, APPELLANT
v.
FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTION PRESENTED
Whether this Court has jurisdiction to hear the ap peal in light of the language in 28 U.S.C. 1253 permit ting a direct appeal "in any civil action, suit or proceed ing required by any Act of Congress to be heard and de termined by a district court of three judges."
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 07-953
CITIZENS UNITED, APPELLANT
v.
FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE
This brief is submitted in response to the Court's or der of February 29, 2008, directing supplemental brief ing on the question whether the Court has jurisdiction to hear this appeal. In the view of the United States, the Court lacks appellate jurisdiction at this stage of the case.
A. The Statutory Scheme
1. Under Section 403(a)(1) of the Bipartisan Cam paign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 114, suits challenging the constitutionality of any BCRA provision may be heard by a three-judge dis trict court within the District of Columbia. BCRA § 403(a)(3) provides that the three-judge court's "final decision" is reviewable by direct appeal to this Court. 116 Stat. 114. For suits filed on or before December 31, 2006, that three-judge court procedure was the exclusive mechanism for pursuing a constitutional challenge to BCRA. See BCRA § 403(d)(1), 116 Stat. 114. BCRA § 403(d)(2) states, however, that "[w]ith respect to any action initially filed after December 31, 2006, the provi sions of subsection (a) shall not apply to any action de scribed in such section unless the person filing such ac tion elects such provisions to apply to the action." 116 Stat. 114. Appellant filed this suit in December 2007 and elected to have the action heard by a three-judge district court. See J.S. App. 7a & n.8.
2. BCRA's judicial-review provisions do not establish a BCRA-specific mechanism for appealing an interlocu tory order, such as the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction, that is not a "final decision" within the mean ing of BCRA § 403(a)(3). Appeals from such orders are therefore governed by the generally applicable provi sions of Title 28. This Court has jurisdiction to review the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction "in any civil action, suit or proceeding required by any Act of Congress to be heard and determined by a district court of three judges." 28 U.S.C. 1253. Under 28 U.S.C. 1292(a)(1), the courts of appeals have jurisdiction to re view "[i]nterlocutory orders of the district courts" granting or denying preliminary injunctive relief, "ex cept where a direct review may be had in the Supreme Court."
B. In Suits Challenging The Constitutionality Of BCRA That Were Filed On Or Before December 31, 2006, This Court Had Appellate Jurisdiction To Review District Court Orders Granting Or Denying Requests For Pre liminary Injunctions
Because the three-judge court procedure established by BCRA § 403(a)(1) was the exclusive mechanism for pursuing pre-2007 challenges to the constitutionality of any BCRA provisions, such suits were "required by [BCRA] to be heard and determined by a district court of three judges" within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. 1253. An order denying preliminary injunctive relief in such a case was therefore appealable to this Court rather than to the court of appeals. See Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC, No. 04-5292, 2004 WL 1946452 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 1, 2004) (WRTL). In WRTL, the district court de nied a motion for a preliminary injunction, and the plain tiff appealed to the District of Columbia Circuit. The Federal Election Commission (FEC or Commission) moved to dismiss the appeal, and the court of appeals granted the motion to dismiss. The court explained that, because the plaintiff had a right of direct appeal to this Court under 28 U.S.C. 1253, the court of appeals lacked jurisdiction under the terms of 28 U.S.C. 1292. See 2004 WL 1946452, at *1.
C. Because The Instant Suit Was Filed After December 31, 2006, This Court Lacks Appellate Jurisdiction Over Ap pellant's Interlocutory Appeal
Under 28 U.S.C. 1253, appellant's right of appeal to this Court depends on whether the suit was "required by any Act of Congress to be heard and determined by a district court of three judges." 28 U.S.C. 1253 (empha sis added). The correct application of Section 1253 to post-2006 suits challenging BCRA's constitutionality is not free from doubt. On the one hand, Congress has not "required" that all post-2006 constitutional challenges to BCRA must be adjudicated by three-judge courts, but instead has given the plaintiffs in such actions the choice whether the three-judge procedure will be utilized. On the other hand, once appellant exercised its right to el ect the judicial review procedures established by BCRA, the Act "required" a three-judge court to be convened.
We are not aware of any prior statute in which Con gress has authorized plaintiffs to choose whether a par ticular claim will be heard by a three-judge court, or of any evidence that Congress anticipated such a statute when it enacted Section 1253. As a practical matter, before the enactment of BCRA's elective judicial-review provision, the word "required" in Section 1253 served primarily to make clear that, even when a three-judge court is in fact convened, its orders are not appealable to this Court if the three-judge court has been convened improperly, see, e.g., Moody v. Flowers, 387 U.S. 97, 104 (1967), or if the three-judge court dismisses the suit on a ground that would have justified the court's dissolu tion, see, e.g., Gonzalez v. Automatic Employees Credit Union, 419 U.S. 90, 101 (1974). Those decisions are not directly controlling here, since they involved the more common situation in which a three-judge panel is man datory in certain circumstances and wholly unavailable in the absence of those circumstances. Here, the three- judge court in this case was properly convened after ap pellant elected that procedure, and no subsequent ev ents have occurred that would justify the court's dissolu tion.
Whatever Congress's original purposes in enacting Section 1253, the better reading of Section 1253's text is that appellant's suit, which was assigned to a three- judge court only because appellant voluntarily elected that option, and which could have been adjudicated by a single judge, was not "required" to be decided by a three-judge court. Cf. Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc., 128 S. Ct. 999, 1011 (2008) (Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (finding preemption based on statute's plain text while conceding that the result was not contemplated by the enacting Congress). Ap pellate jurisdiction is therefore lacking in this Court.
1. In resolving issues concerning its appellate juris diction under Section 1253, this Court has applied a rule of narrow construction under which doubtful questions are resolved against the statute's applicability. In Goldstein v. Cox, 396 U.S. 471 (1970), the Court ex plained:
This Court has more than once stated that its juris diction under the Three-Judge Court Act is to be narrowly construed since any loose construction of the requirements of the Act would defeat the pur poses of Congress to keep within narrow confines our appellate docket. That canon of construction must be applied with redoubled vigor when the action sought to be reviewed here is an interlocutory order of a trial court. In the absence of clear and explicit au thorization by Congress, piecemeal appellate review is not favored, and this Court above all others must limit its review of interlocutory orders.
Id. at 478 (citations, brackets, ellipsis, and internal quo tation marks omitted). In Gonzalez, the Court reaf firmed that "only a narrow construction" of Section 1253 "is consonant with the overriding policy, historically en couraged by Congress, of minimizing the mandatory docket of this Court in the interests of sound judicial ad ministration." 419 U.S. at 98; accord MTM, Inc. v. Bax ley, 420 U.S. 799, 804 (1975) (per curiam) (MTM).
Consistent with that established rule of construction for Section 1253, this Court should hold that the instant suit was not "required by any Act of Congress to be heard and determined by a district court of three judges." 28 U.S.C. 1253. Although a plausible argument might be advanced that, from the perspective of the dis trict court, this suit was "required" to be adjudicated by a three-judge court because appellant was entitled to such a forum as of right, that reading of Section 1253 is not compelled by the statute's text. The more natural reading of the statute would lead to the conclusion that an elective three-judge panel is not one that is "re quired." And "[i]n the absence of clear and explicit au thorization by Congress," ambiguous statutory language should not be construed to expand this Court's manda tory jurisdiction, particularly over appeals from inter locutory rulings. Goldstein, 396 U.S. at 478.
2. Although orders issued by a three-judge district court are rarely subject to review by a court of appeals, this Court has recognized that the relevant jurisdiction al statutes will sometimes produce that result. In sev eral cases, this Court has held that it lacked jurisdiction over various appealable orders that were in fact issued by three-judge courts, based on the Court's determina tions that those cases were not "required" to be decided by such tribunals. See, e.g., Gonzalez, 419 U.S. at 98- 101; Moody, 387 U.S. at 100-104; Bailey v. Patterson, 369 U.S. 31, 32-34 (1962) (per curiam). The Court has observed that, in cases where Section 1253 is inapplica ble, the relevant three-judge court orders may be re viewed by the courts of appeals. See, e.g., MTM, 420 U.S. at 804; Gonzalez, 419 U.S. at 99.
The mere fact that a three-judge court was convened and denied appellant's request for a preliminary injunc tion therefore is not enough to establish that Section 1253 vests this Court with jurisdiction over the instant appeal. Nor is it sufficient that a three-judge court was properly convened in this case pursuant to appellant's election. In MTM, the Court held that "a direct appeal will lie to this Court under § 1253 from the order of a three-judge federal court denying interlocutory or per manent injunctive relief only where such order rests upon resolution of the merits of the constitutional claim presented below." 420 U.S. at 804. The Court in MTM did not question that a three-judge district court had been properly convened, but rather relied on the princi ples of narrow construction discussed above (see p. 5, supra) in holding that Section 1253's grant of appellate jurisdiction is limited to merits-based injunctive rulings. See 420 U.S. at 804. Appellant's exercise of its statutory entitlement to elect a three-judge court therefore is not a sufficient ground for holding that the case was "re quired" to be heard by a three-judge tribunal.
3. The text of Section 1253 and the rule favoring its narrow construction are sufficient to decide this case. But a consideration of Congress's broader purposes be hind BCRA's judicial-review provision buttresses the conclusion that jurisdiction is lacking. In resolving questions concerning Section 1253's scope, this Court has looked in part to whether the Court's exercise of ap pellate jurisdiction over particular categories of three- judge court orders would further Congress's purposes in adopting the three-judge court mechanism. Thus, the Court in MTM observed that, if Section 1253 is con strued not to encompass appeals from three-judge court orders denying injunctive relief on non-merits grounds, "the congressional policy behind the three-judge court and direct-review apparatus-the saving of state and federal statutes from improvident doom at the hands of a single judge-will not be impaired." 420 U.S. at 804; see Gonzalez, 419 U.S. at 97.
Although that holding is not directly controlling here (since the district court's denial of preliminary injunc tive relief in this case was based on its view that appel lant's claims lack merit), the purposes underlying BCRA's judicial-review provisions likewise will not be frustrated if interlocutory appeals like this one are held to be cognizable by the courts of appeals rather than by this Court. With respect to constitutional challenges commenced after December 31, 2006, Congress evi dently perceived no necessity to have such suits adjudi cated by a three-judge court, since it limited the manda tory application of the BCRA judicial-review provisions to suits filed on or before that date. See BCRA § 403(d)(2), 116 Stat. 114.1 When the plaintiff in a post- 2006 challenge does not elect to have the BCRA judicial- review provisions apply, any appeal from the district court's grant or denial of a preliminary injunction indis putably must be taken to the court of appeals rather than to this Court. Congress therefore evidently did not regard the availability of an interlocutory appeal to this Court as essential to the effective implementation of the statutory scheme.
If this Court holds that the district court's denial of a preliminary injunction is not appealable to this Court under 28 U.S.C. 1253, that denial may still be reviewed by the court of appeals, see 28 U.S.C. 1292(a)(1), and ultimately by this Court via a petition for certiorari, see 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). Indeed, given this Court's traditional argument calendar, the courts of appeals may be better positioned to provide expeditious appellate review of preliminary-injunction orders issued at times when this Court is not scheduled to hold oral argument. Cf. Gon zalez, 419 U.S. at 99 (explaining that, in appeals from three-judge court orders denying injunctions, "the courts of appeals might in many instances give more detailed consideration to [non-merits] issues than this Court").2
4. Finally, dismissal of the instant appeal for lack of jurisdiction will not deprive appellant of the benefits of its election under BCRA § 403(d)(2). Because appellant elected for its suit to be adjudicated under the provi sions of BCRA § 403(a), 116 Stat. 113, a three-judge court was convened pursuant to BCRA § 403(a)(1), 116 Stat. 114, and the district court's "final decision" in this case will be reviewable by appeal to this Court pursuant to BCRA § 403(a)(3), 116 Stat. 114. Even if the instant interlocutory appeal is dismissed, appellant therefore will receive every procedural safeguard specified in BCRA § 403(a) itself.3
To be sure, in suits filed on or before December 31, 2006, the right to appeal certain interlocutory orders to this Court under 28 U.S.C. 1253 was an indirect conse quence of the jurisdictional scheme established by Con gress for resolving constitutional challenges to BCRA. See pp. 2-3, supra. Section 1253 was applicable to such cases, however, not because the three-judge court proce dures were utilized, but because they were exclusive, see BCRA § 403(d)(1), 116 Stat. 114-i.e., because they were "required." In later-filed suits where the three- judge court procedures are optional rather than manda tory, a plaintiff's right to elect those procedures there fore does not carry with it a right to pursue an interlocu tory appeal to this Court.
* * * * *
The appeal should be dismissed for lack of jurisdic tion. In the alternative, for the reasons explained in the FEC's motion to dismiss or affirm, the appeal should be dismissed for lack of a substantial federal question, or the judgment of the district court should be affirmed.
Respectfully submitted.
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General
MARCH 2008
1 BCRA § 403(a)'s provisions for expedited judicial review were in tended to facilitate resolution of constitutional challenges well in ad vance of the 2004 election. See, e.g., 147 Cong. Rec. 5145 (2001) (state ments of Sens. Hatch, Feingold, and Dodd) (discussing agreement among proponents and opponents of BCRA regarding need for expe ditious judicial review). BCRA § 403(d) was added as part of a correcting resolution after BCRA was passed but before the President signed the bill. See H. Con. Res. 361, 107th Cong., 2d Sess. (2002); 148 Cong. Rec. 3947 (2002) (statement of Sen. McConnell); id. at 3951 (Senate passage of H. Con. Res. 361). In what appears to be the only recorded congressional explanation of that provision's purpose, Senator McConnell characterized BCRA § 403(d) as "providing a sunset provision for expedited review in the D.C. court so that plaintiffs who live on the west coast do not forevermore have to come to Washington, DC, to challenge provisions of the act." Id. at 3947. Senator McConnell also caused to be reprinted in the Congressional Record (see ibid.) a letter from FEC Chairman Mason and Commissioner Smith, who noted that, if no sunset provision were adopted, "Section 403 would require convening of a three-judge panel and expedited appeal to the Supreme Court for actions filed years in the future." Id. at 3948. That letter suggested that "Congress may wish to set a time limit for these special review provisions and allow normal judicial procedures to govern constitutional claims raised in subsequent years." Ibid.
2 If this Court holds that the instant appeal should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, the government will likewise be unable to appeal directly to this Court if a future plaintiff elects the three-judge court procedure under BCRA § 403(d)(2) and the court issues a preliminary injunction against enforcement of the challenged BCRA provision. The Congress that enacted BCRA, however, evidently did not regard it as essential that the government be permitted to appeal to this Court from a preliminary injunction in a post-2006 challenge, since Congress auth orized the plaintiff rather than the government to decide whether such a suit will be heard by a three-judge court, and a preliminary injunction issued by a single judge is reviewable only in the court of appeals. If Section 1253 is construed to vest this Court with jurisdiction over the instant appeal, plaintiffs in future BCRA challenges, but not the gov ernment, will be able to insist on a procedural regime that includes dir ect appeal to this Court from interlocutory district court orders. Ab sent statutory language that unambiguously compels that result, the asymmetry of such an approach counsels against its adoption.
3 When this Court has concluded in prior cases that it lacked appel late jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 1253, the Court has sometimes vacated the relevant order of the district court and remanded for entry of a fresh order from which a timely appeal could be taken to the court of appeals. See, e.g., MTM, 420 U.S. at 804; id. at 804 n.8 (citing cases). In the instant case, the district court decision from which appellant seeks to appeal was issued on January 15, 2008. J.S. App. 2a-19a. Ap pellant's time for filing a notice of appeal under generally applicable procedures therefore will expire on March 17, 2008 (March 15, 2008, is a Saturday). See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(B), 26(a)(3). Appellant there fore still has time to file a protective notice of appeal to the D.C. Circuit to preserve its appellate rights in the event this Court finds its own jurisdiction lacking.
