Literature Review: Hate Crimes and Youth

This literature review discusses the involvement of youths in hate crimes, both perpetration and victimization, and provides definitions of hate crimes and related terms. The review also provides an overview of the history of hate crime legislation in the United States, of hate crime rates and trends, of recruitment of youth into hate groups, and of interventions to prevent or reduce the occurrence of youth hate crimes. Finally, it also discusses the consequences of hate crime and bias-based harassment of youth and examines the gaps in the literature.