Brief for Amicus Curiae United States of America in Support of Appellees
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97-7430 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK IN SUPPORT OF APPELLEES
TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES CASES Banks Law Publishinq Co. v. Lawyers Co-operative Publishinq Co., 169 F. 386 (2d Cir. 1909), appeal dismissed, 223 U.S. 738 (1911) Callahan v. Myers, 128 U.S. 617 (1888) Computer Associates International v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992) Eggers v. Sun Sales Corp., 263 F. 373 (2d Cir. 1920) Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co. , 499 U.S. 340 (1990) Financial Information, Inc. v. Moodys Investors Service, Inc., 808 F.2d 204 (2d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 820 (1987) Financial Information, Inc. v. Moodys Investors Service, Inc., 751 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1984) Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985) Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 841 (1980) Hutchinson Telephone Co. v. Fronteer Directory Co., 770 F.2d 128, 799 F.2d at 1228 International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215 (1918) Jewelers Circular Publishing Co. v. Keystone Publishing Co., 281 F. 83 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 259 U.S. 581 (1922) Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470 (1974) Key Publications v. Chinatown Today Publishing Enterprises, Inc., 945 F.2d 509 (2d Cir. 1991) Kiplinq v. G.P. Putnams Sons, 120 F. 631 (2d Cir. 1903) Leon v. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 91 F.2d 484 (9th Cir. 1937) Lipton v Nature Co., 71 F.3d 464 (2d Cir. 1995) Matthew Bender & Company v. West Publishing Co., No. 94 Civ. 0589, 1995 WL 702389 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 1995) Matthew Bender & Company v. West Publishinq Co. Nos. 94 Civ. 0589, 95 Civ. 4496, 1996 WL 223917 (S.D.N.Y. May 2, 1996) National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc. 105 F.3d 841 (2d Cir. 1997) New York Times Co. v. Roxbury Data Interface, Inc., 434 F. Supp. 217 (D.N.J. 1977) Oasis Publishing Co., Inc. v. West Publishing Co. No. 96-2887 (8th Cir. argued March 10, 1997) Rand McNally & Co. v. Fleet Management Systems, Inc., 600 F. Supp. 933 (N.D. Ill. 1984) Schiller & Schmidt, Inc. v. Nordisco Corp., 969 F.2d 410 (7th Cir. 1992) Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151 (1975) United States v. The Thomson Corp., No. 96-1415, 1997 WL 226233 (D.D.C. March 7, 1997) United Telephone Co. of Mo. v. Johnson Publishing Co. , 855 F.2d 604 (8th Cir. 1988) West Publishinq Co. v. Mead Data Central, Inc., 616 F. Supp. 604 (D. Minn. 1985), aff'd, 799 F.2d 1219 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1070 (1987) West Publishing Co. v. Mead Data Central, Inc. 799 F.2d 1219 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1070 (1987) White-Smith Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co., 209 U.S. 1 (1908) Williams Electronics. Inc. v. Arctic Intern., Inc. , 685 F.2d 870 (3d Cir. 1982) Worth v. Selchow & Righter Co., 827 F.2d 569 (9th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 977 (1988) STATUTES 17 U.S.C. 101 17 U.S.C. 103(b) 17 U.S.C. 107(4) 17 U.S.C. 301 LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS H.R. 3531, 104th Cong. (1996) H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476 (1976) S. Rep. No. 94-473(1975) MISCELLANEOUS Robert C. Denicola, Copyright in Collections of Facts: A Theory for the Protection of Nonfiction Literary Works, 81 Colum. L. Rev. 516 (1981) National Reporter Blue Book (1938) L. Ray Patterson & Craig Joyce, Monopolizinq the Law: The Scope of Copyright Protection for Law Reports and Statutory Compilations, 36 UCLA L. Rev. 719, 740-49 (1989) World Intellectual Property Organization Preparatory Committee of the Proposed Diplomatic Conference (December 1996) on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions, Proposal of the United States of America on Sui Generis Protection of Databases, CRNR/PM/7 (May 20, 1996) FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK IN SUPPORT OF APPELLEES STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES The United States, which filed an amicus brief below, has a substantial interest in the resolution of this appeal. It has numerous responsibilities related to the proper administration of the intellectual property laws, as well as primary responsibility for enforcing the antitrust laws, which establish a national policy favoring economic competition. Accordingly, the United States has an interest in properly maintaining the "delicate equilibrium," Computer Associates International v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693, 696 (2d Cir. 1992), Congress established through the copyright law between protecting private ownership of expression as an incentive for creativity and enabling the free use of basic building blocks for future creativity. See Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 156 (1975). Moreover, the United States, together with seven states, filed an antitrust suit challenging the acquisition of West Publishing Co. by The Thomson Corp. The consent decree settling that suit requires Thomson to license to other law publishers the right to star paginate to West's National Reporter System. United States v. The Thomson Corp., No. 96-1415, 1997 WL 226233, at *7 (D.D.C. March 7, 1997). The briefs of the United States as amicus curiae in this matter and in Oasis Publishing Co., Inc. v. West Publishing Co., No. 96-2887 (8th Cir. argued March 10, 1997), emphasize that the terms of the settlement do not imply that the United States believes star pagination requires a license, see Thomson Corp., 1997 WL 226233, at *1. The United States will address only the following issue:1 Whether star pagination to a compilation of reported cases, without more, copies the arrangement of that compilation or otherwise infringes any copyright interest in that arrangement. 1. West Publishing Company ("West") publishes the well-known National Reporter System, which includes case reports of federal and state courts in the United States. In particular, it is "the only entity to publish decisions of the United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts in comprehensive book form," Matthew Bender & Company v. West Publishing Co., No. 94 Civ. 0589, 1995 WL 702389, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 1995), in the familiar Federal Reporter and Federal Supplement series and other series. West also "publishes the opinions of New York state courts," id., in several series of volumes. It claims copyright in all of these volumes. Matthew Bender & Company ("Bender), another legal publisher, prepared a work in Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) format (the "New York product") which includes, among other things, the opinions of this Court, the four United States district courts within New York, and various New York state courts. For opinions appearing both in its New York product and West's volumes, Bender inserted into its text information indicating where the equivalent text may be found in West's volumes. Bender provides the number of the West volume and page where each such case begins and inserts West page numbers in its text where page breaks occur in West's publication of these opinions. In other words, Bender star-paginated to West's volumes. Matthew Bender & Company v. West Publishing Co., Nos. 94 Civ. 0589, 95 Civ. 4496, 1996 WL 223917, at *3 & n.2 (S.D.N.Y. May 2, 1996). 2. Bender sued West for a declaratory judgment that "West does not possess a federal statutory copyright in the pagination in West's federal reporters or West's New York reporters," and that "Bender does not and will not infringe any copyright of West's by its current and intended copying of the pagination from West's federal reporters and West's New York reporters." Second Supplemental Complaint 9, Appendix 487. HyperLaw, Inc. ("HyperLaw"), another publisher of judicial decisions on CD-ROM, subsequently intervened as plaintiff, seeking a similar declaratory judgment.2 West contended in district court, as it does here, that its selection and arrangement of decisions in its published volumes was entitled to copyright protection and that star paginating another compilation of decisions on CD-ROM to a substantial portion of a West volume copied the arrangement of that volume and therefore infringed West's copyright. On cross motions for summary judgment, the district court, after a hearing, granted summary judgment for Bender and partial summary judgment for HyperLaw. As the Supreme Court emphasized in Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340, 349 (1990), "the copyright in a factual compilation is thin." Facts, which are not the product of the compiler's authorship, are not protected by the compilation copyright; nor is the effort involved in collecting the facts. Any copyright interest is limited to the compiler's original contribution -- the selection and arrangement of the facts. A competing work does not infringe, even if the unprotected facts it contains are copied directly from the copyrighted work, so long as it "does not feature the same selection and arrangement." Ibid. No one here suggests that either Bender or HyperLaw has arranged, or will arrange, the case reports on its CD-ROM in a manner substantially similar to the arrangement of cases in West's volumes. Nor does anyone suggest that the the cases will be displayed to the user as West has arranged them, unless the user takes deliberate action to produce such a display. Accordingly, neither Bender nor HyperLaw has copied West's arrangement. West's argument that mere star pagination to West's volumes creates a copy of West's arrangement is incorrect. The statutory definition of "copies," on which West prinicipally relies, establishes no more than that if Bender or HyperLaw had copied West's arrangement, the fact that the arrangement of a CD-ROM is invisible to the naked eye would be no defense to an infringement claim. The other foundation on which West's argument rests, West Publishing Co. v. Mead Data Central, Inc., 799 F.2d 1219 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1070 (1987), does support West's argument, but Mead itself has been fatally undermined by Feist. Mead's conclusion regarding copying rests on the "sweat of the brow" theory of compilation copyright, which Feist squarely rejected. West's theory of compilation copyright implies that virtually any index, topical or other table of contents, concordance, or other finding aid referencing a compilation would copy the compilations arrangement, resulting in infringement where that arrangement is protected by copyright on the compilation. Such a result, unsupported by either case law or statutory language, would hinder the progress of science and art and frustrate the purpose of copyright.
In Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1990), which concerned copying from a telephone directory, the Supreme Court held that copyright protection for factual compilations extends only to the compiler's original contributions, and not to the facts themselves, despite the effort involved in compiling them. The Court recognized the tension between the principle that facts are not protected by copyright and the principle that compilations of facts3 generally are protected. Id. at 344-45.4 It also recognized the tension between the means of "assur[ing] authors the right to their original expression" and the end of "encourag[ing] others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work." Id. at 349-50. It resolved those tensions by emphasizing that "the copyright in a factual compilation is thin." The facts themselves are not protected because they are not the product of an act of authorship. Id. at 349.5 As the Court explained, "copyright protection may extend only to those components of a work that are original to the author," id. at 348, and originality encompasses both independent creation and "a modicum of creativity." Id. at 346. If the words expressing facts are original, they are protected; another author may copy the facts, but "not the precise words." Id. at 348. But if "the facts speak for themselves," protectible expression exists, if at all, only in "the manner in which the compiler has selected and arranged the facts," and then only the original selection and arrangement are protected. Id. at 349. Because such a copyright is thin, copying from the copyrighted work is not infringement "so long as the competing work does not feature the same selection and arrangement." Ibid. This holding has economic bite even if the arrangement of a particular compilation is sufficiently original to support copyright protection. The value of a factual compilation may lie less in the compilers selection and arrangement of the facts than in the industriousness required to compile them, and the thinness of the copyright may permit others to appropriate that value. The Court acknowledged that, at first blush, such appropriation "may seem unfair," ibid., but it explained that in reality "[t]his result is neither unfair nor unfortunate. It is the means by which copyright advances the progress of science and art." Id. at 350.6 Feist repudiated a body of case law that had relied on the so-called "sweat-of-the-brow" theory to provide broad copyright protection for factual compilations, thus protecting the fruits of mere industrious collection. The Court specifically rejected Leon v. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 91 F.2d 484 (9th Cir. 1937), and Jeweler's Circular Publishinq Co. v. Keystone Publishinq Co., 281 F. 83 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 259 U.S. 581 (1922), because these cases "extended copyright protection in a compilation beyond selection and arrangement -- the compiler's original contributions -- to the facts themselves." 499 U.S. at 352-53. (The Court recognized that this Court had since "fully repudiated the reasoning of" Jeweler's Circular 499 U.S. at 360, citinq Financial Information, Inc. v. Moody's Investors Service, Inc., 808 F.2d 204, 207 (2d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 820 (1987); Financial Information, Inc. v. Moodys Investors Service, Inc., 751 F.2d 501, 510 (2d Cir. 1984) (Newman, J., concurring); and Hoehlinq v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972, 979 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 841 (1980).) The Court added that "[e]ven those scholars who believe that industrious collection' should be rewarded seem to recognize that this is beyond the scope of existing copyright law. See [Robert C.] Denicola[, Copyright in Collections of Facts: A Theory for the Protection of Nonfiction Literary Works, 81 Colum. L. Rev. 516,] 516 . . . 520-521, 525 [(1981)]." 499 U.S. at 360-61.7
West has not suggested that either Bender or HyperLaw has produced or plans to produce CD-ROMs that in any ordinary sense feature the same . . . arrangement," Feist, 499 U.S. at 349, of opinions as found in West's volumes. Courts routinely analyze whether an arrangement protected by copyright has been impermissibly copied by comparing the ordering of material in the accused work with the ordering of material in the allegedly infringed compilation. See, e.g., Lipton v Nature Co., 71 F.3d 464, 470, 472 (2d Cir. 1995) (plaintiff' arrangement of terms of venery protectible; defendant's arrangement of 72 of these terms is "so strikingly similar as to preclude an inference of independent creation" when 20 of first 25 terms are duplicated and listed in same order, and in four other places four or more terms appear in the same order);8 Schiller & Schmidt, Inc. v. Nordisco Corp., 969 F.2d 410, 414 (7th Cir. 1992) (office supply catalog not infringed as compilation when it was not contended that defendant copied "the order of products or other typical features of a compilation"); Key Publications v. Chinatown Today Publishing Enterprises, Inc., 945 F.2d 509, 515 (2d Cir. 1991) (no infringement of protectible arrangement of categories in business directory where facial examination reveals great dissimilarity between arrangement in copyrighted directory and in allegedly infringing directory); Worth v. Selchow & Riqhter Co., 827 F.2d 569, 573 (9th Cir. 1987) (alphabetical arrangement of factual entries in trivia encyclopedia not copied when trivia game organizes factual entries by subject matter and by random arrangement on game card), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 977 (1988). Substantial similarity, short of exact identity of arrangement, suffices for infringement, United Telephone Co. of Mo. v. Johnson Publishinq Co., 855 F.2d 604, 608 (8th Cir. 1988), so a compilation copyright is thin but not anorexic, Key Publications, 945 F.2d at 514. The change from paper to CD-ROM does not preclude such a comparison. West's arrangement of this Court's opinions in, for example, Volume 44 of the Federal Reporter, Third Series, is readily described. The first of those opinions, by Judge Cabranes in Schultz v. Williams, begins on page 50 (following two pages of caption and of material provided by West), and the text continues, presumably in precisely the sequence Judge Cabranes created, to about the middle of page 61. At that point we find the caption and the beginning of West-provided material related to CCC Information Services, Inc. v. MacLean Hunter Market Reports, Inc. Judge Leval's opinion in that case begins on page 63 and continues, presumably in precisely the sequence Judge Leval created, through roughly the middle of page 74. And so the description of West's arrangement could continue, through to the end of the per curiam opinion in CBS, Inc. v. Liederman, around the middle of page 174. West could have arranged those opinions differently, and we do not here question that West's copyright on the volume protects that arrangement. It is possible to copy that compilation of opinions, arranging them in a substantially similar maner, in an electronic, rather than a paper and ink, medium. Imagine a very large WordPerfect version 5.1 document file into which someone has typed Judge Cabraness opinion in Schultz, followed by Judge Leval's opinion in CCC, and continuing in lie manner all the way through the per curiam opinion in CBS, the file then stored on a CD-ROM, or some other storage medium.9 Leaving aside other elements of infringement that would have to be proved, and ignoring defenses such as fair use, that copy might well infringe West's copyright. But West has not alleged that Benders or HyperLaw's existing or planned products include anything remotely similar to this hypothetical huge word processing document file. Nor has it alleged that the product is designed or functions so as to display the opinions to the reader in the West sequence - - unless the reader takes deliberate action to cause such a display. The absence of such allegations should be dispositive. If two compilations of the same material are not arranged in a sufficiently similar manner, neither can be said to copy the arrangement of the other, and therefore no claim of direct infringement can be based on the compilers copying of arrangement. The user's action in reordering the display of opinions is no substitute for the compiler's action in creating the compilations.
West contends, Br. 20-25, that the Copyright Act's definition of "copies," 17 U.S.C. 101, justifies treating star-paginated compilations as copies of its arrangement of opinions, even if the opinions on the CD-ROM are arranged differently, because the user, by virtue of star-pagination, could recreate West's arrangement. The statute provides (emphasis added): "Copies" are material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term "copies" includes the material object, other than a phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed. This definition does not support West's argument. On its face, it deals with the fixation of the copyrighted work in a material object, not the fixation of a different work from which the copyrighted work may be constructed. West begs the question whether the CD-ROMs are fixations of West's work. If what is fixed in the CD-ROM is not West's work, the CD-ROM is not a copy of West's work, and subsequent perception does not make it one. The statutory clause beginning with "and from which" was intended to establish that fixations the unaided eye cannot perceive are no less -- but no more -- copies of a work than are fixations the eye can perceive.10 The clause does not transform one arrangement into another merely because programmed computers can sort data. We do not contend that the arrangement of data on a CD-ROM must be perceivable by the aked eye in order to be an infringing copy of West's printed arrangement. We do, however, contend that the users discretionary ability, aided by a suitable computer program, to reorder the cases, thereby producing elsewhere11 a copy of West's arrangment of opinions, does not mean that there is such a copy on the CD-ROM. The digital, electronic character of a compilation on CD-ROM can make it easy to resort data, and this ease explains why cases presenting the issue here are likely to arise. But easier sorting does not significantly affect the principles of copyright. Printed pages can also be reordered, with the help of a scissors if necessary. In so far as is relevant here, the law concerning paper and the law concerning GD-ROMs is the same. In considering paper, West has used the wrong analogy. West argues (Br. 29) that both Bender's and HyperLaw's CD-ROMs are analogous to a huge print edition that offers, in Section I, all cases collected by the publisher in chronological order and, in Section II, West's volume-by-volume selection and arrangement of the cases. A reader's decision to turn to Section II would not make him the infringer. West's hypothetical Section II, of course, would be infringing, because in itself it is a compilation arranged exactly like West's, precisely what is missing from the CD-ROMs at issue here. The far more precise analogy is an edition of opinions in chronological order, each beginning on a right-hand page, star-paginated to West's volumes -- that is, Section I of West hypothetical print edition, with star pagination but no Section II. If Wests theory were correct, star pagination in print would infringe, and West offers no viable support for the claim that it does.12
In essence, West argues that it does not matter how the opinions are actually arranged on Bender's or HyperLaw's CD-ROMs, or in the files stored on those CD-ROMs. However the texts have been ordered, reordered, shuffled, reshuffled, or scrambled, West says that Bender and HyperLaw are direct infringers because the user of the Bender or HyperLaw product could use the star pagination to create a compilation of opinions arranged as in West's volumes, or to skip from opinion to opinion in the Bender or HyperLaw product, reading or viewing the opinions in the same order as they are found in the West volumes.13 We recognize, of course, that West Publishing Co. v. Mead Data Central, Inc., 799 F.2d 1219 (8th Cir. 1986), aff'g 616 F. Supp. 1571 (D. Minn. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1070 (1987), supports West's theory. In Mead, a divided panel, ruling on a preliminary injunction, concluded that star pagination to West volumes impermissibly copied West's arrangement of cases, even though the allegedly infringing work and West's were not similarly arranged. The Eighth Circuit is currently deciding whether it still views Mead as good law. Oasis Publishing Co., Inc. v. West Publishinq Co., No. 96-2887 (8th Cir. argued March 10, 1997).14 In our amicus brief in Oasis, we argued at length that Mead's analysis of the copying question rests on the discredited "sweat of the brow" theory of compilation copyright protection and cannot be reconciled with the subsequent Supreme Court decision in Feist.15 We summarize that argument here. West alleged in Mead that "the LEXIS Star Pagination Feature is an appropriation of West's comprehensive arrangement of case reports in violation of the Copyright Act of 1976." 799 F.2d at 1222. The district court recognized that the arrangement of cases in the Lexis database differed significantly from the West arrangement, 616 F. Supp. at 1579-80, but held that "for infringement purposes, [Mead] need not physically arrange it's [sic] opinions within its computer bank in order to reproduce West's protected arrangements." Id. at 1580. Instead, the court concluded "that [Mead] will reproduce Wests copyrighted arrangement by systematically inserting the pagination of West's reporters into the LEXIS database. LEXIS users will have full computer access to West's copyrighted arrangement." 616 F. Supp. at 1580. To support this holding, the district court relied on Rand McNally & Co. v. Fleet Management Systems, Inc., 600 F. Supp. 933, 941 (N.D. Ill. 1984), in which the court held that compilation copyright rests not on the author's originality in arranging the data but instead on "protection of the compiler's efforts in collecting the data."16 The Eighth Circuit affirmed without questioning the district court's recognition that the Lexis arrangement of cases differed significantly from West's. It asserted that Mead's proposed star pagination would infringe West's copyright in the arrangement because, in combination with another feature of Lexis, it would permit Lexis users "to view the arrangement of cases in every volume of West's National Reporter System," 799 F.2d at 1227, but it emphasized that it would have found infringement even if that had not been the case. It is enough, the Court explained, that star pagination communicates to users "the location in West's arrangement of specific portions of text," so that "consumers would no longer need to purchase West's reporters to get every aspect of West's arrangement. Since knowledge of the location of opinions and parts of opinions within West's arrangement is a large part of the reason one would purchase West's volumes, the LEXIS star pagination feature would adversely affect West's market position." Id. at 1228. The Eighth Circuit did not explain why communicating location -- that is, describing West's arrangement -- is the same thing as copying West's arrangement. Instead, it concerned itself only with the economic consequence of the communication: the vice of unauthorized star pagination is that it permits unfair appropriation of the fruits of industrious collection. Indeed, in so ruling it relied on its own sweat-of-the-brow decision in Hutchinson Telephone Co. v. Fronteer Directory Co., 770 F.2d 128 (8th Cir. 1985), 799 F.2d at 1228, which in turn relied on Leon and Jeweler's Circular, 770 F.2d at 130-31. Feist, however, expressly rejects Leon and Jeweler's Circular, see page 9 supra, and makes clear that this appropriation is not the proper test of infringement. See page 8 supra. Impact on West's market position would properly be considered in addressing a fair use defense, see 17 U.S.C. 107(4) (fair use analysis to consider "the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work") , when protected arrangement has been copied. But under Feist it plays no role in determining whether protected arrangement has been copied.17
As the Mead panel observed, star pagination communicates to users "the location in West's arrangement of specific portions of text. 79 9 F.2d at 122 8. A compilation copyright, however, protects original components of the compilation against copying, but not against description. Virtually any index, topical or other table of contents, concordance, or other finding aid would communicate information about West's arrangement. But that cannot mean that all such finding aids would copy West's arrangement, even though they may describe it. Few cases address infringement by indexing, but the meager case law suggests indexing does not copy the arrangement of the indexed work. In New York Times Co. v. Roxbury Data Interface, Inc., 434 F. Supp. 217 (D.N.J. 1977), the district court denied a preliminary injunction against publicatin of a personal name index to the New York Times Index (which in turn indexes the New York Times). Although the court determined the 1ikelihood of success in light of fair use factors, it also noted that the "personal name index differs substantially from the Times Index, in form, arranqement , and function," id. at 226 (emphasis added), even though it communicated the locations in the Times Index at which particular personal names could be found. The court greeted with incredulity the plaintiff's argument "that a copyrighted work cannot be indexed without permission of the holders of the copyright to the original work." Id. at 224-25. See also Kipling v. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 120 F. 631, 635 (2d Cir. 1903) (defendants "were at liberty to make and publish an index of copyrighted material). West suggests that the combination of the detailed information provided by star pagination with the text of the case reports renders the CD-ROM's in question copies of the West arrangement. Br. at 29 n.19.18 Of course, a star-paginated CD-ROM collection of case reports might have a more substantial economic impact on West than other types of finding aids, because users might substitute it for West's product. Under Feist, however, the economic impact on the demand for West's compilation cannot substitute for the copying of West's arrangement as the basis for a finding of infringement. Nor can the possibility that a third party might use the star pagination information to copy West's arrangement create direct infringement.19 Neither the star pagination itself nor the combination of star pagination with a compilation of unprotected case reports, arranged in a different manner than West's reports, creates a copy of West's arrangement. West's overbroad arguments and inappropriate analogies have sweeping implications for the communication of information both printed and electronic. Consider West's hypothetical literary scholar who published a "non-chronological arrangement of some 1000 brief public domain literary works written over several centuries," Br. 24, which, so arranged, told a coherent story. West's analysis implies that it would be infringement to publish a book containing those 1000 literary works, together with 1000 others, all in chronological order, if the book also contained an appendix noting that West's scholar had published an edition in which Number 23 came first, followed by Number 75, and so forth. The user, after all, could cut out the stories and rearrange them in that order.20 But West provides no support for the proposition that such a publication would infringe. Similarly, the copyright on a volume of Shakespeare's sonnets arranged in order of the editors judgment of esthetic merit would, we assume, protect that original arrangement. Another editor could, without infringing the copyright, copy the sonnets from that volume and publish them in a different arrangement. But we understand West to say that it would be infringement for the editor of the second volume to include an appendix that merely tells the reader the order in which the sonnets appear in the first volume. And if two prior compilers had each published the sonnets in order of their separate, and different, estimates of esthetic merit, under West's analysis it would apparently infringe the copyrights on both prior volumes for a third compiler to publish the sonnets in still a different order while including two appendices, each telling the reader the order in which one of the prior volumes had published the sonnets.21 Again, there is no support for West's view. Or consider West's National Reporter Blue Book, which provides tables indicating the location in West's volumes of opinions also found at particular locations in official reporters, thus allowing those with only official citations to find opinions in West's volumes.22 One could, with the help of the Blue Book, rearrange the cases in an official reporter to match their arrangement in West's volumes. As we understand West's argument, only West may publish such tables without risking infringement liability for copying West's volumes of case reports, a proposition that simply cannot be right.23 Indeed, if copyright protection for the arrangement of a compilation can rest on creative choice of a principle of arrangement (even if that principle can be mechanically applied),24 West's theory of what constitutes the copying of arrangement would sometimes mean that it would be infringement (but for fair use considerations) to take what West calls "preexisting facts" from one source and publish them in a different ordering. The result would be precisely the protection of facts that Feist rejected. This problem arises in the following hypothetical situation: Suppose a firm obtains from the 1990 Census of the United States data concerning every county in the United States and publishes a compilation of those data, listing the counties in descending order of one of the included data elements, the proportion of the population consisting of males of ages 18 through 40. Suppose further that this arrangement, which may interest those marketing products to adult males, meets the Feist test of originality and is protected by the firm's copyright on the compilation. Under Feist, another firm may copy all the data from the first firm's compilation, while arranging its compiation alphabetically by state and county. It may do so because even though the arrangement of the first compilation is protected by copyright, the data themselves are not, and the second compilation does not "feature the same . . . arrangement," Feist, 499 U.S. at 349, as the first. But the second compilation contains all the information a user needs to recreate the arrangement of the first, and so under West's interpretation of the copying of an arrangement, creation of the second compilation would infringe the copyright on the first.25 West's position therefore may protect the facts themselves in circumstances where Feist would leave them unprotected. Advances in technology have made it easy to re-sort and retrieve information at high speed. We have seen, in on-ine computer searchable databases and in CD-ROM products, new ways of working with the raw materials of legal research -- case reports, statutes, and other materials that once appeared only in print form. Neither we nor this Court can predict what new technological developments next year or in the next decade will further revolutionize the practice of law and make the substance of law more readily available to all. By making clear the limited scope of copyright protection for factual compilations, Feist cleared the way for these creative developments. Protecting in addition the effort required to produce a compilation would no doubt benefit the owners of many compilation copyrights, but this was apparent to the Supreme Court when it decided Feist. West's plea for copyright protection for the sweat of its brow comes too late. The judgment of the district court should affirmed. Respectfully submitted.
July 1997 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I certify that, on this 25th day of July, 1997, I caused two copies of the foregoing BRIEF FOR AMICUS CURIAE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN SUPPORT OF APPELLEES to be served by Federal Express on:
FOOTNOTES It is also not significant that such tables do not include the text of the opinions. Either identification of the location of opinions in West's volumes copies the arrangement of West's volumes or it does not. If it is not infringement (leaving aside fair use considerations) to publish the tables themselves, it should similarly not be infringement of West's compilations to publish the tables as an appendix to a reprint of the United States Reports. |